1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 2 Neuroscience, Genetics and Behavior James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain

3. Vocabulary zLesion

4. The Brain  Lesion  tissue destruction  a brain lesion can be naturally or experimentally caused

5. Vocabulary zEEG: Electroencephalogram z CT (computed tomography) Scan  PET (positron emission tomography) Scan  MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

6. Electroencephalogram (EEG)  an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface  measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

7. The Brain  CT (computed tomography) Scan  a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan  PET (positron emission tomography) Scan  a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task  MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)  a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

8. PET Scan

9. MRI Scan

10. Vocabulary zBrainstem zMedulla zReticular formation zThalamus zCerebellum

11. The Brain  Brainstem  the oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions  Connects the 2 sides of the brain  Medulla [muh-DUL-uh]  controls heartbeat and breathing

12. The Brain

13.  Reticular Formation  a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal and relaying information  Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss]  the brain’s sensory switchboard (for all except smell)  it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla  Provides the electrical charge that slows for us to sleep and speeds up to wake us

14. The Brain  Cerebellum [sehr- uh-BELL-um]  the “little brain” it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance  Helps with nonverbal learning and memory

15. vocabulary zLimbic system zAmygdala zHypothalamus zHippocampus

16. The Brain  Limbic System  a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures  associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex  includes the hippocampus (seat for memory), amygdala, hypothalamus and pituitary gland.  Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la]  two neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion (mainly fear and aggression)

17. The Brain  Hypothalamus  neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities  eating  drinking  body temperature  Links the nervous system with the endocrine system  is linked to emotion (4 F’s)

18. The Limbic System

19.  Electrode implanted in reward center

20. Vocabulary  Cerebral Cortex  Glial Cells  Frontal Lobes  Parietal Lobes  Occipital Lobes  Temporal Lobes

21. The Cerebral Cortex  Cerebral Cortex  covers the cerebral hemispheres  the body’s ultimate control and information processing center  Folded to increase surface area  Glial Cells  Guide connections  Provide nutrient and insulation myelin  Mop up ions and neural transmitters  Participate in info transmission

22. The Cerebral Cortex  Frontal Lobes  involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments  Parietal Lobes  include the sensory cortex  Occipital Lobes  include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field  Temporal Lobes  include the auditory areas

23. The Cerebral Cortex

24.  Motor Cortex  area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements  Sensory Cortex  area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations

25. The Cerebral Cortex

26.  Functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex activated as the subject looks at faces

27. Visual and Auditory Cortex

28. Association Areas  More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex  Lead to the 10 % myth  Interpret, integrate and act on info

29. vocabulary  Aphasia  Broca’s Area  Wernicke’s Area  Angular Gyrus

30. The Cerebral Cortex  Aphasia  impairment of language  Broca’s Area  directs the muscle movements involved in speech  Wernicke’s Area  involved in language comprehension and expression Angular Gyrus: connects visual and auditory (reading aloud)

31. Specialization and Integration

32.  Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

33. Brain Reorganization  Plasticity  the brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in reorganization following damage (especially in children)

34. Stop zBrain use while driving activity

35. Our Divided Brain  Corpus Callosum  large band of neural fibers  connects the two brain hemispheres  carries messages between the hemispheres Corpus callosum

36. Our Divided Brain  The information highway from the eye to the brain

37. Split Brain  a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them

38. Split Brain “Look at the dot.” Two words separated by a dot are momentarily projected. “What word did you see?” or “Point with your left hand to the word you saw.”

39. Brain Structures and their Functions

40. Pros and Cons to being left handed zconpro zreading disabilitiesmusicians zknee/joint problemsmath zallergiespro baseball zmigrainespro cricket zbirth stressarchitects ztobacco and alcoholartist zimmune system problems zaccidents (right handed equip)

41. Disappearing Southpaws  The percentage of left-handers decreases sharply in samples of older people (adapted from Coren, 1993). The percentage of lefties sharply declines with age 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Age in years 14% 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Percentage of left-handedness

42. The Endocrine System  Endocrine System  the body’s “slow” chemical communication system  a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

43. Vocabulary  Hormones  Adrenal [ah-DREEN-el] Glands  Pituitary Gland  Thyroid  Parathyroid  Adrenal  Pancreas  Testis and ovaries

44. Neural and Hormonal Systems  Hormones  chemical messengers, mostly made by the endocrine glands  Adrenal [ah-DREEN-el] Glands  secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress  Pituitary Gland  under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

45. Neural and Hormonal Systems zThyroid: metabolism zParathyroid: calcium levels in the blood zPancreas: sugar levels in the blood zTestis and ovaries: sex hormones