1. Similarities and Differences
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2. Similarities and Differences
Comparing
Classifying
Creating Metaphors
Creating analogies
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3. McREL’s Strategies K-12 classrooms.
Marzano (1998) analyzed selected research studies on instructional strategies that could be used by teachers in
K-12 classrooms.
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4. Category
Average Effect size (ES)
Percentile Gain
Number of Effect Sizes
Identifying similarities and differences
1.61 45 31
Summarizing and note taking
1.00 34
179
Reinforcing effort and providing recognition
.80 29 21
Homework and Practice
.77 28
134
Nonlinguistic representation
.75 27
246
Cooperative learning
.73
122
Setting objectives and providing feedback
.61 23
408
Generating and testing hypotheses 63
Questions, cues, and advance organizers
.59 22
1,251
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5. Comparing
Examine how things are alike and different based on common characteristics.
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6. Recommendations for practice:
1.Give students a model for the process
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7. Recommendations for practice:
2. Use familiar content to teach students the steps for comparing.
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8. Recommendations for practice:
3. Give students graphic organizers for comparing ? x y z
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9. Recommendations for practice:
4. Guide students as needed
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10. Purpose: to compare and contrast __________ and ____________
Characteristics
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11. Purpose: to compare and contrast __________ and ____________ How are they most alike? ___________________________ What is the greatest difference between them? ______________ ___________________________
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12. Using what you know and have learned, write 2 sentences to compare and contrast ___ and ___.1. 2.
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13. “Such a scene of sorrow and weeping I had never before witnessed.”
Compare the two sources: A. How is what Talmadge wrote like the painting? How is it different?
“Such a scene of sorrow and weeping I had never before witnessed.”
Benjamin Talmadge
B. Identify each as a primary or secondary source. Explain the reasons for your choices.
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14. Classifying Consider how items are similar
and different then group using
similarities to define categories.
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15. Metaphors
Definition:
Figure of speech in which a word or phrase that literally denotes one object or ideas is used with or in place of another object or idea, to suggest a likeness between them. is
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16. Why Metaphors?
Think about a time when you used a metaphor to explain something that was otherwise difficult to explain.
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17. Metaphors War is hell. Love is a rose. My brother is a killer whale.
No man is an island.
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18. The pen is mightier than the sword

19. Graphic Organizer for Metaphors
War is hell.
Noun
Characteristics
Noun
Characteristics
Relationships

20. Metaphors versus Similes
A metaphor states the comparison directly using “is”, for example, “He is a rock.”
A simile states the comparison using “like” and “as”, for example, “The stars were like jewels in the sky.”
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21. Metaphors 1. A circle is____________. 2. A dandelion is _____________.
3. The internet is _____________.
4. The cafeteria is ____________ .
5. Love is ____________.
6. A school is ___________.
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22. Metaphors (continued)
7. An airport is ____________.
8. A dictator is _____________.
9. My spouse is _____________.
10. A flute is ____________ .
11. A book is ____________.
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23. Metaphor Websites
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24. Assessment: No man is an island.
In this metaphor, why is a man compared to an island?
Man is stronger than a lion.
Man needs others to survive.
Man has no feelings to share.
Man is smaller than the world.

25. Creating Analogies Involves relationships between pairs of elements
Looking for similarities between pairs of elements
Ruler: length :: measuring cup: __??___
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26. Creating Analogies
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27. Analogies: It’s All About Relationships!
help us make connections between things that are different;
help explain an unfamiliar concept by making a comparison to something we understand;
most complex format for identifying similarities and differences.
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28. Graphic Organizer for Analogies
is to
Relationship:
is to
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29. Number of casualties in Vietnam War= 50,000 How to make this number real to students?
casualties
Vietnam War
is to
Relationship:
Coors field
seats
is to
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30. Creating Analogies: Type 1 George Bush: the US :: Tony Blair: Great Britain RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Teacher Directed—students must explain the relationship
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31. Creating Analogies: Type 2 Mitt Romney:MA :: _________: FL RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Teacher Directed—Present students with one missing element; students must explain the relationship
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32. Creating Analogies: Type 3 Happy: Sad:: _________: ________ RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the relationship
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33. Creating Analogies: Type 4 Doctor: _______:: _________: ________ RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the relationship
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34. Creating Analogies: Type 5 ______: _______:: _________: ________ RELATIONSHIP:__________________________ Student Directed—Students must provide all elements and explain the relationship
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35. Web sites for Analogies
card game
explanation, examples, analogy of the day
analogy of the day
samples
game, like Jeopardy
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36. Similarities and Differences
Comparing
Classifying
Creating Metaphors
Creating analogies
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