1. Women and War Lecture Notes for Peace Studies II January 24, 2007 (0900-1030, Rm. 404) Mikyoung Kim Hiroshima City University- Hiroshima Peace Institute

2. Multiplicity of Women’s Roles during War Women as WarriorsWomen as Warriors Women as WorkersWomen as Workers Women as CaregiversWomen as Caregivers Women as Sex SymbolsWomen as Sex Symbols Women as Objects to ProtectWomen as Objects to Protect Women as Victims of ViolenceWomen as Victims of Violence Women as Peace-MakersWomen as Peace-Makers (refer to the attached visual images)(refer to the attached visual images)

3. Women and War (I) War Casualties : World War I: 80 percent of casualties were soldiersWorld War I: 80 percent of casualties were soldiers World War II: 50 percent of casualties were soldiersWorld War II: 50 percent of casualties were soldiers Vietnam War: 80 percent of casualties were civiliansVietnam War: 80 percent of casualties were civilians In current conflicts: 90 percent of casualties are civiliansIn current conflicts: 90 percent of casualties are civilians (Source: Pettman, Worlding Women, p. 89)(Source: Pettman, Worlding Women, p. 89)

4. Women and War (II) Military Personnel (1): As of 1995, 22.4 million men and women remain under arms, of which, the developing countries take up 65 percent of the world totalAs of 1995, 22.4 million men and women remain under arms, of which, the developing countries take up 65 percent of the world total (Source: Sivard, World Military and Social Expenditures, 1996, p. 8) (Source: Sivard, World Military and Social Expenditures, 1996, p. 8) As of 1994, more than 500,000 women serving in the regular and irregular armed forces taking less than 10 percent of state militariesAs of 1994, more than 500,000 women serving in the regular and irregular armed forces taking less than 10 percent of state militaries (Source: Dan Smith, The State of War and Peace Atlas, 1997, p. 64) (Source: Dan Smith, The State of War and Peace Atlas, 1997, p. 64)

5. Women and War (II) Military Personnel (2): Military Personnel (2): Those countries having the highest rates if female participation in their armed forces include the following:Those countries having the highest rates if female participation in their armed forces include the following: New Zealand (14%)---Australia (13%) --- The U.S. (12%)--- New Zealand (14%)---Australia (13%) --- The U.S. (12%)--- Canada (12%)---Russia (11%) Canada (12%)---Russia (11%) Only seven countries allow women to engage in all combat roles:Only seven countries allow women to engage in all combat roles: Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Spain Spain And only seven more allow women limited combat experience:And only seven more allow women limited combat experience: The U.S., the U.K., Israel, Japan, France, Finland and Ghana The U.S., the U.K., Israel, Japan, France, Finland and Ghana (Source: Seager, The State of Women in the World Atlas, pp. 92-93)

6. Women and War (III) Military Expenditures: Out of $125 billion in military expenditure in developing countries,Out of $125 billion in military expenditure in developing countries, 4% would reduce adult illiteracy by half;4% would reduce adult illiteracy by half; 8% would provide basic family planning;8% would provide basic family planning; 12% would provide primary health care for all12% would provide primary health care for all (Source: Human Development Report, 1994, UNDP)(Source: Human Development Report, 1994, UNDP)

7. Women and War (IV) Gender Differences in War Perception : DateIssue Percent Agree DateIssue Percent Agree Men Women Men Women ’39/08Go to war against Germany 19 12’39/08Go to war against Germany 19 12 ‘40/11Take strong measures against Japan 56 42‘40/11Take strong measures against Japan 56 42 ‘60/10Tougher policy towards Russia 60 46‘60/10Tougher policy towards Russia 60 46 ‘61/10Fight all-out nuclear war rather 87 75‘61/10Fight all-out nuclear war rather 87 75 than live under Communist rulethan live under Communist rule ‘68/04Describe self as hawk, not dove 50 32‘68/04Describe self as hawk, not dove 50 32 on Vietnam (step up, not reduceon Vietnam (step up, not reduce effort)effort) ‘75/04Wars are necessary to settle 55 38‘75/04Wars are necessary to settle 55 38 difference between nationsdifference between nations (Sources: Smith, Tom W. 1984, “The Polls: Gender and Attitudes toward Violence,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 48: 384-96)(Sources: Smith, Tom W. 1984, “The Polls: Gender and Attitudes toward Violence,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 48: 384-96)

8. Conclusion The Multiplicity of Women and WarThe Multiplicity of Women and War The Feminist Theories & Women and WarThe Feminist Theories & Women and War Question and Answer SessionQuestion and Answer Session