1. 1 Business Opportunities from Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia IFAG NBS Summer School European Business Practice: A British Perspective 16 th July /13 th August 2008 Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation CRed Carbon Reduction CRed Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5 th October 2007

2. 2 Climate Change – the need for Action Inter- Governmental Panel on Climate Change The Carbon Reduction Project The Stern Report Action taken by UEA CRed

3. Comparison of Discoveries and Demand We need to consider alternatives now 3

4. 4 UK Gas Production and Demand Import Gap

5. 5 Opted Out Coal: Stations can only run for 20 000 hours more and must close by 2015 New Nuclear assumes completing 1 new nuclear station each year beyond 2018 New Coal assumes completing 1 new coal station each year beyond 2018 Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy Security There is a looming capacity shortfall Even with a full deployment of renewables. A 10% reduction in demand per house will see a rise of 7% in total demand - Increased population decreased household size

6. 6 Per capita Carbon Emissions Japan UK How do UK and Japan compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO 2 than others? What is the magnitude of the CO 2 problem? France

7. 7 Carbon Emissions and Electricity

8. r 8 Electricity Generation i n selected Countries

9. 9 Original buildings Teaching wall Library Student residences

10. 10 Nelson Court Constable Terrace

11. Low Energy Educational Buildings Nursing and Midwifery School Elizabeth Fry Building ZICER Medical School Medical School Phase 2

12. 12 The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

13. 13 Conservation: management improvements – Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. thermal comfort +28% User Satisfaction noise +26% lighting +25% air quality +36% A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

14. 14 ZICER Building Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

15. 15 The ZICER Building - Description Four storeys high and a basement Total floor area of 2860 sq.m Two construction types Main part of the building High in thermal mass Air tight High insulation standards Triple glazing with low emissivity Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird

16. 16 The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

17. Incoming air into the AHU Regenerative heat exchanger Operation of Main Building Mechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts.

18. Air enters the internal occupied space Filter Heater Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs Operation of Main Building

19. Return stale air is extracted Return air passes through the heat exchanger Out of the building Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Space for future chilling

20. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat Winter Day Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Warm air

21. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room Winter Night In late afternoon heating is turned off. Cool air

22. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day Summer night night ventilation/ free cooling Cold air

23. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air- conditioning Summer day Warm air

24. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

25. 25 ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV Windows are semi transparent Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays

26. 26 Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.

27. 27 Use of PV generated energy Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach Peak output is 34 kW

28. 28 Actual Situation excluding Grant Actual Situation with Grant Discount rate 3%5%7%3%5%7% Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 1.291.581.880.841.021.22 Avoided cost exc. the Grant Avoided Costs with Grant Discount rate 3%5%7%3%5%7% Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 0.570.700.830.120.140.16 Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000 Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of Generated Electricity

29. 29 Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat GAS Engine heat Exchanger Exhaust Heat Exchanger 11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses 86% efficient Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP 61% Flue Losses 36% efficient

30. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

31. 31 Conversion efficiency improvements 1997/98 electricitygas oilTotal MWh198953514833 Emission factorkg/kWh0.460.1860.277 Carbon dioxideTonnes91526538915699 ElectricityHeat 1999/ 2000 Total site CHP generation exportimportboilersCHPoiltotal MWh204371563097757831451028263923 Emission factor kg/kWh -0.460.460.186 0.277 CO 2 Tonnes -44926602699525725610422 Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

32. 32 Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

33. 33 Conversion Efficiency Improvements Condenser Evaporator Throttle Valve Heat rejected Heat extracted for cooling Normal Chilling Compressor High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure

34. 34 Condenser Evaporator Throttle Valve Heat rejected Heat extracted for cooling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat from external source Absorber Desorber Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 Adsorption Chilling Conversion Efficiency Improvements

35. 35 A 1 MW Adsorption chiller Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer Will reduce electricity demand in summer Will increase electricity generated locally Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

36. The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP Plant UEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing. New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe, and 2MWth Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant Under 7 year payback rom waste wood and local sustainable sourcesLocal wood fuel from waste wood and local sustainable sources Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%

38. 38 Reduction with biomass Reducing Carbon Emissions at the University of East Anglia Reduction with biomass When completed the biomass station will reduce total emissions by 32% compared to 2006 and 24.5% compared to 1990

39. 39 Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

40. 40 A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business 4.Renewable Energy 5.Offsetting Green Tariffs 3.Technical Measures 1.Awareness 2.Management

41. 41 How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO 2 looks like? UK emissions is equivalent to 5 hot air balloons per person per year. In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person On average each person causes emission of CO 2 from energy used. UK ~9 tonnes of CO 2 each year. France ~6.5 tonnes Germany ~ 10 tonnes USA ~ 20 tonnes "Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little." Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)

42. 42 Raising Awareness A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO 2. 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. Standby on electrical appliances 60+ kWh a year - 3000 balloons at a cost of over £6 per year Filling up with petrol (~£50 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour in Northern Japan or UK? 2.6 km At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya

43. 43 World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management First cohort January 2008 A partnership between The Norwich Business School and the 5** school of Environmental Sciences Sharing the Expertise of the University

44. 44 CRed Birmingham Carbon Reduction CRed North Carolina Carbon Reduction CRed Japan? Carbon Reduction CRed Shanghai Carbon Reduction CRed Chester Carbon Reduction CRed Australia Carbon Reduction Elsewhere Overseas In the Future CRed Fylde Carbon Reduction

45. 45 Conclusions Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years. Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important. Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more. Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value. Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally. Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP? Wind Turbines? Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."

46. 46 WEBSITE cred-uk.org/ This presentation will be available from tomorrow at above WEB Site: follow Academic Links Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation Charlotte Turner Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia