1. © T. M. Whitmore Today SE Asia  Physical environments  Cultural history  Population

2. © T. M. Whitmore Last time – Questions? South Asia  Culture  Population  Development & industry

3. © T. M. Whitmore Southeast Asia Plate tectonics in SE Asia Plate tectonics Earthquakes & Volcanoes EarthquakesVolcanoes

11. Banda Aceh before

12. Banda Aceh after

14. Tambora

15. © T. M. Whitmore Southeast Asian environments II Other land forms  Indochina (mainland) mountains Indochina  Highlands of Borneo and New Guinea  Coastal mangrove swamps of E Sumatra and parts of N Guinea and Borneo  Major rivers of Indochinarivers

17. Mainland mountains

20. Red R. Mekong R. Cho Phraya Irrawaddy Salween

21. Mainland lowlands

24. Life on the water in mainland SE Asia

27. © T. M. Whitmore Southeast Asian Climates Climate regimes  Tropical wet/dry and equatorial climates (Af, Am) — warm and moist year around Tropical  Mainland highlands- Aw; more seasonal wet-dry

29. © T. M. Whitmore Vegetation and soils Highlands in Indochina Highlands Lowland equatorial rainforestrainforest  Much of the most moist area under “classical” tropical rainforest  Huge trees; much biodiversity; high biomass/area  Yet — all this on poor soils mostly — how?— high temperatures and rainfall  Commercial threats to tropical rainforests increasing Commercial Volcanic Soils Volcanic

33. Volcanoes in insular SE Asia produce fertile soils but also natural hazards.

36. © T. M. Whitmore Agriculture in SE Asian soils 1 st Strategy: SwiddenSwidden  Mainland highlands 2 nd Strategy: Modification of Landscapes (paddy rice)Modification  Volcanic islands & river deltas 3 rd Strategy: PlantationsPlantations  Malaysian peninsula

41. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Rice terraces, Java

42. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Rice terraces, Java

43. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Rice harvest, Java

45. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Tea plantation, Malaysia

46. Export-oriented plantations

48. Oil Palm plantation in Malaysia © 2002 Manfred Leiter

49. © T. M. Whitmore Mineral Resources “Tin Belt”Tin Belt Gas and Oil  S. China Sea (Spratly Islands)  EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zones

53. © T. M. Whitmore Pre-Colonial History Early Cultural Groups Chinese Influences Chinese  Ancient  Modern Chinese Diaspora Indian Influences Indian  Buddhist & Hindu Islamic Influences Islamic

54. SE Asia is linguistically and culturally diverse. 737 languages are spoken in Indonesia alone.

57. © T. M. Whitmore Southeast Asia by 1500s (pre-colonization)pre-colonization Buddhist Kingdoms  Thai, Shan, Vietnamese, Lao, Burma, Cambodia (Khmer) Muslim Areas  Malaccan in S. Malay peninsula  Indonesian Archipelago Animist  Philippine Archipelago

59. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Buddhist influence, SE Asia

60. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Buddhist influence

61. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Hindu influenced Angkor Wat

62. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Islamic influence, Malaysia

64. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Chinese influence, Malaysia

65. © T. M. Whitmore Colonization European  Portuguese  Spain  British  French Japanese US  Philippines Philippines

67. Japanese Empire in WW II

68. © T. M. Whitmore The Vietnam War The civil war ending French colonial rule of Vietnam led to the division of the country between the Communist north and the Western-allied south. Beginning in 1963, the US sent troops to assist the south 600,000 US troops, 60,000 US casualties, and millions of Vietnamese casualties. By 1973 the US was forced to withdraw and the south was later captured by the north.

69. Herbicides such as Agent Orange were used by US forces to defoliate large areas of South Vietnam. This released chemicals known as dioxins, leading to health effects and birth defects for US soldiers and Vietnamese.

70. Hundreds of thousands fled South Vietnam after the arrival of northern forces, many in small boats who became known as “boat people”.

71. © T. M. Whitmore Current Population Issues Uneven Spatial DistributionSpatial Distribution Primate Cities  Rangoon (Burma)  Bangkok (Thailand)  Manilla (Philippines) Chinese Minority Populations Chinese Minority Population

74. © 2002 Manfred Leiter China town in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

75. © T. M. Whitmore Population Growth Religion NOT a major factor Higher Rates (~2 %/year)  Cambodia - Buddhist  Brunei - Muslim  Malaysia - Muslim  Philippines – Roman Catholic & Muslim Lower Rates  Vietnam - Buddhist  Singapore – Muslim  Thailand - Buddhist  Indonesia - Muslim