1. Rome, January 17th,2006 Flavio Gatti WHIM and Mission Opportunities TES microcalorimeters in the European context Flavio Gatti University and INFN, Genoa

2. TES  calorimeters context TES  calorimeters context TES (Transition Edge Sensor) is without any doubt the reference technology for very high resolution EDXS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) TES (Transition Edge Sensor) is without any doubt the reference technology for very high resolution EDXS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) –TES  calorimeters are presently the LTD (Low Temperature Detectors) with the most outstanding spectral performance (2.3 eV FWHM at 6KeV- NIST 2005, USA) –TES allow a count rate at 10 3 cps and better –Q.E. aproches 80-100%, depending on the spectral range NIST, 2005 – single pixel best result

3. SQUID output

4. TES  calorimeters context TES  calorimeters context TES technology takes advantage of the widely TES technology takes advantage of the widely –TES are made by using extensively micro-fabrication techniques (surface or bulk micromachining) and planar “all metal” thin film techniques, widely used in MEMS and Microelectronis GFSC – Surf. Micr. SRON

5. SRON PIXEL

6. TES  calorimeters context TES  calorimeters context TES allow imaging TES allow imaging –TES  calorimeters can be integrated in a close-packed array with high filling factor for imaging –US (NIST, GSFC-NASA), EU(SRON) have made small arrays from 3x3 to 5x5 –32x32 array with read-out fabricated for the SCUBA-2 exp.

7. TES  calorimeters context TES  calorimeters context TES read-out is made by SQUID preamplifier TES read-out is made by SQUID preamplifier –SQUID technology is well established but fast Multiplexed read out is a peculiar development needed for these application

8. TDM FDM

9. TES  calorimeters context TES  calorimeters context TES micro-calorimeter works below 0.1 K TES micro-calorimeter works below 0.1 K –Development of dedicated of fridge assembly for space application is mandatory –Huge steps forward in the 0.1 K cooling techniques has been made in the last few years: ADR based fridge

10. The European Context Main question: “is it possible to take in charge the TES detector technology (as a whole) and demonstrate the capability to manage them in order to provide an instrument for a EU X-ray Mission?” Main question: “is it possible to take in charge the TES detector technology (as a whole) and demonstrate the capability to manage them in order to provide an instrument for a EU X-ray Mission?” In EU there is deep expertise in many field of the TES technology, but fractioned in several countries and institution. In EU there is deep expertise in many field of the TES technology, but fractioned in several countries and institution. These activities are mostly under-funded and not coordinated These activities are mostly under-funded and not coordinated Without any doubt excellent results in technological achievements ( i.e. array technology ) and spectral performance, 3 eV FWHM at 6KeV have been made by the SRON group. Without any doubt excellent results in technological achievements ( i.e. array technology ) and spectral performance, 3 eV FWHM at 6KeV have been made by the SRON group.

11. EURECA consortium An EURopEan MicroCalorimeter Array An EURopEan MicroCalorimeter Array Brings together Europe’s foremost research and technology laboratories working on cryogenic detectors for X-ray instrumentation in a joint effort to develop an Imaging X-ray Microcalorimeter Brings together Europe’s foremost research and technology laboratories working on cryogenic detectors for X-ray instrumentation in a joint effort to develop an Imaging X-ray Microcalorimeter the baseline design already lead to an instrument, currently non-existent in Europe and, which will be fully competitive with similar developments in US and Japan the baseline design already lead to an instrument, currently non-existent in Europe and, which will be fully competitive with similar developments in US and Japan research on detectors and read-out still continues, improved detector designs, detector types, electronics, and read-out concepts are developed. The baseline design of the Imaging X-ray  ex.: tech. break-through in oder to achieve 1 eV research on detectors and read-out still continues, improved detector designs, detector types, electronics, and read-out concepts are developed. The baseline design of the Imaging X-ray  ex.: tech. break-through in oder to achieve 1 eV

12. The main goal is: The main goal is: –to develop and integrate cryogenic imaging X-ray detectors and read-out electronics in an appropriate cooler by the 2007. –Achieve a state-of-the-art performance of a cryogenic microcalorimeter array and its read-out. No such instrument exists within Europe The principal motivation: The principal motivation: –for this activity is that futur X-ray astrophysical mission will most likely employ imaging X-ray microcalorimeters; The missions are either an European effort or will be based on a collaboration between Europe, USA and/or Japan (ESTREMO,DIOS,NEW…). Outside astrophysics: Outside astrophysics: –possible niche-applications may exist in material sciences and fusion plasma diagnostics; non- astrophysical users could be a big community!

13. The EURECA instruments

14. EURECA performance guideline for a XEUS-like mission Spatial resolution element - pixel size ≤ 2 arcsec - 500 µm Field of view – array size 1 arcmin - 32 × 32 resolution elements Energy range - Detection efficiency 0.1 – 3.0 keV -- > 90% for 1-3 keV FWHM energy resolution 1 eV @ 0.1 - 2 keV (goal) Countrate – Effective time constant > 250 c/s/pixel -- 100 µs Background rejection min. ion. Part. > 95%(TBV) Total countrate 10000 c/s (TBV)

15. EURECA CONSORTIUM Mullard Space Science Laboratory, and X-ray Astronomy Group Univ. Leicester : Cryogenics, Signal analisys Mullard Space Science Laboratory, and X-ray Astronomy Group Univ. Leicester : Cryogenics, Signal analisys VTT, Observatory/University of Helsinki: SQUID readout and FDM VTT, Observatory/University of Helsinki: SQUID readout and FDM Kirchhoff Institut für Physik, Uni. Heidelberg: MMC as future opportunity Kirchhoff Institut für Physik, Uni. Heidelberg: MMC as future opportunity JAXA, Metropolitan Univ, Seiko II: an alternative readout electronics JAXA, Metropolitan Univ, Seiko II: an alternative readout electronics Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid, Instituto de Nanotecnología de Aragón, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón: electronic integrated components and films Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid, Instituto de Nanotecnología de Aragón, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón: electronic integrated components and films

16. ITALIAN CONTEXT INAF (Rome), INFN (Genua), Alenia Spazio (Milano) participate to the consortium INAF (Rome), INFN (Genua), Alenia Spazio (Milano) participate to the consortium In the EURECA the Italian Groups are committed to develop and study TES development IrAu (INFN) and Superconducting absorber (INFN), perform test and study on final prototype (INAF), cold FLL-electronics (Alacatel-Alenia Spazio) In the EURECA the Italian Groups are committed to develop and study TES development IrAu (INFN) and Superconducting absorber (INFN), perform test and study on final prototype (INAF), cold FLL-electronics (Alacatel-Alenia Spazio) INFN has a long history (20 years) in LTD (in particular Genoa devoted the last 10 years in TES developments) and Rome INAF group has an outstanding position in spaced base HEA. INFN has a long history (20 years) in LTD (in particular Genoa devoted the last 10 years in TES developments) and Rome INAF group has an outstanding position in spaced base HEA.

17. The Italian Group The group is collaborating in order to speed up the TES development for a flight instrument. The group is collaborating in order to speed up the TES development for a flight instrument. However a 5.9 eV resolution has been already achieved However a 5.9 eV resolution has been already achieved The Group is working on new detector design aiming to demonstrate the 2-3 eV resolution in a short time. The Group is working on new detector design aiming to demonstrate the 2-3 eV resolution in a short time.