1. 1 Last Mile Connectivity Challenges in Smart Grid Cigre Colloquium, Mysore, November 13-15 Chander B Goel Texas Instruments India

2. Smart Grid Advantages Omits human Errors Reduced Man Power and Quicker Billing Increase the resiliency of the grid. Helps in implementation of Dynamic Tariffing Helps to catch power theft directly from power lines Helps to catch tampering of Energy Meters 2

3. Smart Meter & Automated Meter Reading 3 Meter communicates via wired or wireless interfaces to the outside world. Level of smartness depends on the exact capabilities of the meter –1-way communication or Automated Meter Reading (AMR) –2-way communication or Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

4. Expectations from AMR Reliability and sustained connectivity Interoperability Security Ease of Installing and Commissioning Lower Cost 4

5. AMR Technologies Wireless Technologies –Zigbee SE –6LowPAN –Wireless M-Bus –Wifi Wired technologies –M-BUS with RS485 –Power Line Communications 5

6. Choosing the ISM frequency band for LPRF 6 Most of the countries of the world allow 2.4GHz band free of licensing requirements but there are limitations with this band because of lower range and interference. Most countries now allow a sub 1 GHz band for license free use for AMR applications

7. Comparing LPRF technologies Zigbee with SE –Pros Mesh based self healing networks Mature specification. Interoperability guarenteed. Smart Energy profile available. Good for Home Area Network –Cons Limited support for sub 1 GHz bands. 2.4GHz implementations limit range. The stacks have a big footprint. 6LowPAN –Pros The meters can be merged into internet. Standardization at RFC level. –Cons Application layer is still open. Interoperability can be challenging. 7

8. Comparing LPRF technologies. Wireless M-Bus –Pros Standardized in Europe as EN13757 Operates at 868MHz. Can provide better range coverage. –Cons Does not support mesh topology. Security is not inherently available in the specification. WiFi Direct –Pros Ubiquotus. Mobile phones or Tablets can be used to read meters –Cons The transceivers consume higher power. Limited range due to 2.4GHz frequency band. 8

9. Wired AMR - Power Line Communication Power Line Communications Refers to a Method of Narrow Band Communications that uses the Existing Power Lines as the Communication Medium Based on S-FSK or OFDM Reduces System Cost Increases System Reliability High-Voltage Side (110-380kV) Medium- Voltage Side (10-30kV) Backbone Telecommunications Network Utility Customer Utility Company Low-Voltage Side (110- 240V) Concentrator MV router Meter/modem Transformer

10. 10 PLC Frequency Bands, Standards and Regulations PLC frequency bands in Europe –Defined by the CENELEC: CENELEC-A (3 kHz – 95 kHz) are exclusively for energy providers CENELEC-B, C, D bands are open for end-user applications –Bands A, B and D protocol layer is defined by standards or proprietarily defined –Band C is regulated – CSMA access PLC frequency bands in USA –Single wide band – from 150 to 450 kHz –FCC band 10 kHz – 490 kHz –Access protocol defined by standard –HomePlug broadband: 2–30 MHz PLC frequency bands in Japan –ARIB band 10 kHz – 450 kHz PLC frequency bands in China –3–90 kHz preferred by EPRI –3–500 kHz single-band not regulated A 3–95 kHz B C D Energy suppliersConsumers Future Standard/Proprietary protocol CSMA Standard protocol 95–125 kHz 125–140 kHz 140–148.5 kHz Standards Prime G3 IEC 61334 Regulations CENELEC FCC ARIB

11. PLC for Smart Grid AMI Worldwide Countries with PLC deployment for Smart Grid –Spain ( PRIME on CENELAC band) –France (G3 on CENELAC band) –Taiwan (G3 on FCC band) –Korea (IEEE P1901.2 on broadband) Countries with PLC pilots deployment for Smart Grid –China ( SFSK on EPRI band) –Mexico (PRIME on CENELAC band) –Japan (ITU-T G.9955 on ARIB band) –Turkey (G3 on CENELAC band) –Polland ( PRIME on CENELAC band) –USA (Propreitry for Home Plug) 11

12. Power Line Communication Challenges Frequency dependent attenuation –Line Attenuation due to conductor material properties and branching –Echos and interference due to Multipath propagation. Noise due to Loads –Colored background noise due to Computers, Dimmers, Hair Dryers –Narrowband Interference –Synchronous periodic impulsive noise from Thyristor based DC power supplies –Asynchronous periodic impulsive noise due to switching transients –Asynchronous impulsive noise in Industrial environments due to Arc welding etc. 12 The latest PLC technology based on OFDM is looking to be well immune to all the above factors.

13. Hybrid Networks - PLC/RF Combo 13 Benefits: Robust network Smaller network diameter Lower latency A single noise source barely affect both networks

14. Simulation Platform for The Study of Large Hybrid Sensor Networks Extended COOJA simulator for the study of large networks with hybrid nodes An RF Link used by RPL A PLC Link used by RPL PLC Node RF Node

15. Hybrid Nodes Increase Robustness and Shorten Network Diameter Extended RPL and MAC protocols for networks with hybrid nodes Two RF nodes replaced by hybrid nodes

16. Open Challenges in AMR Sustained Connectivity – Guarenteed ?? Isolation of PAN – Commissioning Challenge. AMR Standards and Technologies – Matured ?? Proven ?? Field Software Upgradability – Should be mandatory. Security – Guarenteed ?? Database management and maintenance – Expertise to be developed. 16

17. Thank You 17