1. Viruses and Prions

2. RNA Viruses

3. Picornaviruses Poliomyelitis –Fecal-oral and pharyngeal transmission –Attacks NS and can cause paralysis –Vaccine has nearly eradicated the disease in US. Hepatitis A –Fecal oral transmission, often through contaminated food Enteroviruses cause a variety of diseases including, febrile illnesses, and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, GI diseases Rhinoviruses- common colds

4. Viruses that cause GI diseases Rotaviruses (Reoviridae) Caliciviruses Norwalk virus Norwalk-like viruses

5. SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome –first reported in Asia in February 2003. –In 2003, a total of 8,098 people worldwide became sick with SARS; of these, 774 died –High fever, headache, myalgia, dry cough, pneumonia –Spread by close contact Common cold viruses Coronavirus

6. Bunyaviruses Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) –Rodents are reservoir –Virus airborne from rodent feces Viral encephalitis Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) –Vector borne zoonosis

7. Togaviruses Rubella (German measels)-produces flat pink rash usually mild, but congenital rubella syndrome can cause sever abnormalities in babies Arboviral Encephalitis viruses -Equine encephalitis –EEE (most severe) –WEE –VEE

8. Orthomyxoviruses: Influenza A variety of types (A, B, and C) infect many birds and mammals Type A can infect humans and cause pandemics Transmembrane proteins Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase mediate viral attachment and entry Mutations cause antigenic drift which results in frequent changes of HA Genetic reassortments between different Influenza viruses result in antigenic shift

9. Pandemic Strain Avian viruses Antigenic shifts

10. Paramyxoviruses Respiratory Syncitial Virus –Children under 1 most severely affected –Common, mild in adults Mumps- swellings of oral cavity Measels (rubeolla)- produces raised red rash Parainfluenza-croup

11. Arboviral flaviviruses West Nile Fever –Emerging disease in US –Relatively mild –Infects many birds and mammals –Culex spp. are vectors St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) Yellow fever- monkeys are reservoir Dengue fever and DHF (breakbone fever)

12. Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae family Hepacivirus genus Causes liver disease and cancer Transmitted through blood, IV drugs, body piercing, tattoos

13. Rabies Virus Transmitted by bite of infected mammals Virus migrates from PNS to CNS Inclusion bodies (Negri bodies) found in brain tissue IFAT of brain tissue Infects most mammals, susceptibility varies and is correlated with maintenance Slow incubation allows for post-infection vaccination

14. HIV human Immunodeficiency Virus (Retroviridae) Viral properties –Envelope –Protein coat –Complex RNA genome –RT and integrase enzymes Infection, dissemination through lymphoid organs, clinical latency, expression of HIV, clinical disease, and death Progressive antigenic variation in response to host’s immune system CD4 T cell depletion leads to immunodeficiency

17. DNA viruses

18. Herpesviruses Herpesviridae contains several important agents of human disease and NOT all of them are sexually transmitted HSV-1 and HSV-2 Varicella-Zoster Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

19. Herpes simplex viruses HSV-1 fever blisters HSV-2 genital herpes Both viruses can cause either symptoms Permanent infections, remain latent in spinal nerves and erupt into lesions at original site of infection Lesions are progressively less severe

20. Chicken pox and Shingles vericella-zoster virus Chicken pox (vericella) –virus enters through mucus membranes –Skin lesions appear after 2 weeks starting on scalp and trunk and moving to other epithelial sites including respiratory, digestive tract or vagina –Remain in spinal nerves for decades Shingles (zoster)- eruption of latent virus from peripheral nerves to dermatomes

21. Pox viruses Small pox (variola virus)- –Enters throat and resp. tract –Infects phagcytic cells and blood cells –Pus-filled vesicles form in mouth and throat then face, forearms, hands Cow pox (vaccinia), monkeypox viruses- –less severe than small pox –antibodies cross reactive with small pox Molluscum Contagiosum Virus- –causes painless pearly white tumors – –increasing as an STD can can become inflamed around genitals

22. Warts (Papillomas) Papovaviridae HPV- human papilloma viruses –Transmitted by direct contact or fomites –Many different types that can infect a variety of locations including skin, genital, respiratory tracts –Virus infection lasts a lifetime –Can be malignant –Cervical cancer-99% of cases linked to HPV –Warts may be most problematic in immunocompromised –Warts not always present

23. Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae One of the most common blood borne pathogens Causes liver diseases and cancer Transmitted through blood and sex Vertical transmission from mother to baby

24. Prion Diseases Mad Cow Disease (BSE) Scrapie vCJD Kuru

25. Prions Infectious proteins Normally found on surface of mammalian cells Abnormal secondary and tertiary structures Resistant to heat and radiation Long ‘incubation’ period

26. Prion “replication” Normal protein transformed from helices to beta pleated sheets

27. BSE