1. Network Architecture & Standards
Unit 2, Chapter 3 & 4
Why Standards?

2. Objectives Explain the importance of network architecture.
Identify 802.x LAN standards as described by IEEE.
Match the seven layers of the OSI model to network equipment and their role in cross-platform interoperability
Describe the function of a network access PDU.
Differentiate between connectionless and connection-oriented protocols.
Describe selected basic functions of a protocol.
Explain the importance of network architecture.
Identify 802.x LAN standards as described by IEEE.
Match the seven layers of the OSI model to network equipment and their role in cross-platform interoperability
Describe the function of a network access PDU.
Differentiate between connectionless and connection-oriented protocols.
Describe selected basic functions of a protocol.

3. Architectures & Standards
Networks Architecture – Principles in the design and implementation of a network
Reduction in complexity, common solution
Isolate network complexities from users
Ability to connect different types of devices
Management of the network
Communications Standards – Rules to establish compatibility among similar products
View Points
Vendor – IBM, DEC, Microsoft, Novell
Industry – IEEE, ANSI, NIST
Networks Architecture – Principles in the design and implementation of a network
Reduction in complexity, common solution
Isolate network complexities from users
Ability to connect different types of devices
Management of the network
Communications Standards – Rules to establish compatibility among similar products
View Points
Vendor – IBM, DEC, Microsoft, Novell
Industry – IEEE, ANSI, NIST
Explain that network architecture is a set of principles used as a basis for the
design and implementation of a communications network. Describe the different
types of devices, such as personal computers, routers, switches and other
equipment, used in a network.

4. Vendor Technologies Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
Digital Network Architecture (DNA)
Burroughs Network Architecture (BNA)
Novell (IPX/SPX - XNS)
Banyan Virtual Integrated Network Services(Vines - XNS)
Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
Digital Network Architecture (DNA)
Burroughs Network Architecture (BNA)
Novell (IPX/SPX - XNS)
Banyan Virtual Integrated Network Services(Vines - XNS)

5. IEEE 802 Standards Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Overview and Architecture
IEEE (R2007) IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture
IEEE 802a-2003 (R2007) IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture Amendment 1: Ethertypes for Protype and Vendor-Specific Protocol Development
IEEE 802b-2004 (R2007) IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Overview and Architecture - Amendment 2: Registration of Object Identifiers
IEEE 802.1™ Bridging & Management
IEEE 802.2™: Logical Link Control
IEEE 802.3™: CSMA/CD Access Method
IEEE 802.5™: Token Ring Access Method
IEEE ™: Wireless
IEEE ™: Wireless Personal Area Networks
IEEE ™: Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
IEEE ™. Resilient Packet Rings
IEEE Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture
IEEE IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture

6. International Telecommunications Union
Most important telecommunications standards setting body
V. Standards – Connection of digital equipment to analog PSTN lines
X. Standards – Connection of digital equipment to digital lines
Development of the Open System Interconnect Model with International Standards Organization
Basis for interconnecting dissimilar systems
Most important telecommunications standards setting body
V. Standards – Connection of digital equipment to analog PSTN lines
X. Standards – Connection of digital equipment to digital lines
Development of the Open System Interconnect Model with International Standards Organization
Basis for interconnecting dissimilar systems

7. Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Model

8. OSI Model Layers Application Layer (7) Presentation Layer (6)
Where user works with at a terminal
Presentation Layer (6)
Code conversion & data reformatting from application - network
Session Layer (5)
Establishing the communications rules(pacing, accounting)
Turns communications on & off
Transport Layer (4)
Identifies the actual address of recipient of the message
Responsible for ensuring data is transmitted (retransmission)
Network Layer (3)
Routing message to recipient
Establishes, maintains and terminates communications
Data Link Layer (2)
Establishing link between 2 points & packing data, block transfers
Physical Layer (1)
Electrical components for the communication
Application Layer (7)
Where user works with at a terminal
Presentation Layer (6)
Code conversion & data reformatting from application - network
Session Layer (5)
Establishing the communications rules(pacing,accounting)
Turns communications on & off
Transport Layer (4)
Identifies the actual address of recipient of the message
Responsible for ensuring data is transmitted (retransmission)
Network Layer (3)
Routing message to recipient
Establishes, maintains and terminates communications
Data Link Layer (2)
Establishing link between 2 points & packing data, block transfers
Physical Layer (1)
Electrical components for the communication

9. More OSI X.25 standard for data transmission
Used in packet switching networks
1st 3 OSI layers (physical, data link, network)
Encapsulation: process that surrounds the original data or requests with control characters for routing and error checking

10. Protocol Data Unit

11. Internet Architecture Principles
Multiplexing
Multiple Independent data streams on one physical communication line
Survivability
Message gets through no matter what
Service Generality
Useful for multiple purposes
Diverse Network Technologies
Accommodate previous network technologies (Arpanet, Satellite-based networks….)
Multiplexing
Multiple Independent data streams on one physical communication line
Survivability
Message gets through no matter what
Service Generality
Useful for multiple purposes
Diverse Network Technologies
Accommodate previous network technologies (Arpanet,Satellite-based networks….)

12. TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA)
Arpanet
TCP/IP = 4 or 5 layers of OSI Model
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA)
Arpanet
TCP/IP = 4 or 5 layers of OSI Model
The layered protocol stack that dominates data communications today is the fivelayer
Internet model, generally referred to as the TCP/IP protocol suite. Describe
to the students the function of each of the five layers of the TCP/IP model
(Application, Transport, Internet, Network Access, and Physical layers).

13. OSI –TCP/IP Models OSI Model TCP/IP L7 Application L6 Presentation L5
OSI Model
TCP/IP L7
Application L6
Presentation L5
Session
Transport L4 L3
Network
Internet L2
Data Link
Data link
Data link (Network interface) L1
Physical
(Hardware)
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Architecture Just as Ethernet rules the roost when it comes to LAN technologies and IEEE is the boss of the wireless LAN world, modern internetworking is dominated by the suite known as TCP/IP. Named for two key protocols of the many that comprise it, TCP/IP has been in continual development and use for about three decades. In that time, it has evolved from an experimental technology used to hook together a handful of research computers, to the powerhouse of the largest and most complex computer network in history: the global Internet, connecting together millions of networks and end devices.
In this section I begin our magical tour through the mystical world of TCP/IP. J I begin with an overview of TCP/IP and a brief look at its very interesting history. I discuss the services provided in TCP/IP networks, and then explain the architectural model used under TCP/IP. I then provide a brief description of each of the most important TCP/IP protocols that are discussed in this Guide.
You may have noticed that this section is relatively small, even though its title seems to encompass the entire subject of this TCP/IP Guide. The reason is that this section only provides a high-level overview of TCP/IP. Most of the content of the Guide is concerned with explaining the several dozen individual protocols that comprise TCP/IP; these can be found in other sections and subsections of the Guide. For convenience, you can also find direct links to the descriptions of these protocols in the TCP/IP Protocols topic in this section.

14. Protocol Stack
Protocol – Set of rules used for communication between 2 points on a network
What does the transportation header contain? Pg 76

15. Protocol Examples

16. Protocol Functions
Encapsulation: control information (Where going? Is it right? Which protocols to use?)
Fragmentation (Segmentation) & Re-assembly
Error Control: using a check character to determine an error in the network access layer
Synchronization
Ordered Deliver (Sequencing)
Addressing
Multiplexing
Transmission Services
Fragmentation (Segmentation) & Re-assembly
Encapsulation
Connection Control
Flow Control
Error Control
Synchronization
Ordered Deliver (Sequencing)
Addressing
Multiplexing
Transmission Services

17. Other Protocol Functions
Connection Control –
Connection Oriented – TCP
Established and maintained before successful transmission
Connectionless – UDP
Communication without establishing a connection (PING)
Ordered Delivery –
Important to maintain order of packets – connection oriented
Flow Control – Control data rate sent by transmitter
Connection Control –
Connection Oriented – TCP
Established and maintained before successful transmission
Connectionless – UDP
Communication without establishing a connection (PING)
Ordered Delivery –
Important to maintain order of packets – connection oriented
Flow Control – Control data rate sent by transmitter

18. Other Protocol Functions
Error Control – Error Detection & Error Correction
Check Sum, retransmit
Sequence Numbering, retransmit
Addressing –
Network, Application
Layer dependent
Transmission Services
Message priority
Error Control – Error Detection & Error Correction
Check Sum, retransmit
Sequence Numbering, retransmit
Addressing –
Network, Application
Layer dependent
Transmission Services
Message priority

19. Protocols Transport Data Link Ensure messages are exchanged reliably
Arrival of all data at the destination
Presentation in the same order as sent
Virtual Circuit – Route between sender & Receiver
Data Link
Communication Startup
Character Identification
PDU identification, how to process
Error Control, what scheme to use
Termination
Transport
Ensure messages are exchanged reliably
Arrival of all data at the destination
Presentation in the same order as sent
Virtual Circuit – Route between sender & Receiver
Data Link
Communication Startup
Character Identification
PDU identification, how to process
Error Control, what scheme to use
Termination

20. Review Questions
1. Communications standards define what needs to be done but not how to do it.
a. True
b. False
Quiz 3 7.B

21. Review Questions
2. Which field in a header tells the destination of a message or PDU?
a. address
b. flag
c. byte
d. none of the above
Quiz 3 8. A

22. Review Questions
3. It is more difficult for a machine to process a code if all of the bits are of the same duration.
a. True
b. False
Quiz 3 9. B

23. Review Questions
4. The combination of the first three layers of the OSI model is the standard for the ______________.
a. X.25 standard for data transmission
b. V. standard
c. consolidated transmission standard
d. Consolidated Transmission Protocol
Final 5. A

24. Review Questions
5. When data or a request from one layer is passed down to another layer, the data are surrounded by control characters or other information. This process is called _____________.
a. enclosure
b. encapsulation
c. isolation
d. permutation
Final 6. C

25. Review Questions
6. The process of reassembling a message a TCP/IP packetized stream of data that has been fragmented is called __________.
a. reassembly
b. reconstitution
c. segmentation
d. togetherness
Final 7. A

26. Review Questions
7. It is much easier for a machine to process a code if ____________________.
a. it is a true binary code
b. all of the characters have the same number of bits
c. all of the bits are the same duration
d. all of the above
Final 10. D

27. Review Questions
8. An example of a communications medium is ____________.
a. a telephone
b. a personal computer
c. a teleprinter
d. a copper wire
Final 39. D

28. Review Questions 9. The PSTN is an example of a _____________.
a. mesh network
b. star network
c. bus network
d. ring network
Final 40. A

29. Review Questions
10. The OSI layer responsible for establishing the communication rules between certain machines or applications is the ______________.
a. network layer
b. transport layer
c. session layer
d. data link layer
Final 41. C

30. Homework Assignment: Due Next Week Review: Read: Complete:
Chapter 3, pp
Chapter 4, pp
Read:
Chapter 5, pp
Chapter 14, pp
Complete:
Assignment 2.1: Chapter 3 & 4 Multiple Choice Questions
Assignment 2.2: Binary Exercise
Assignment 2.3: Draw OSI Model (pg 57) by Hand
Assignment: Due June 26, 2009 at 9 am
Review:
Chapter 3, pp
Chapter 4, pp
Read:
Chapter 5, pp
Chapter 14, pp
Complete:
Assignment 2.1
Assignment 2.2