1. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Teacher and Student Centered Instructional Strategies Key Concepts/Terms/Players

2. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Overview on Two Different Instructional Modes Teacher-CenteredStudent-Centered Delivery Mode Didactic Instruction Direct Instruction Direct Teaching Expository Teaching Access Mode Facilitative Teaching Indirect Instruction Direct Experiencing Discovery Learning

3. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Let’s start with Teacher Centered Strategies…here’s a sample Teacher talk Teacher talk Demonstration Demonstration Memorize and Review Memorize and Review Assignments and Homework Assignments and Homework Questioning Questioning

4. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Teacher Talk: General Guidelines Begin the talk with an advanced organizer Begin the talk with an advanced organizer Plan your talk with a beginning, an end, and a logical order in-between Plan your talk with a beginning, an end, and a logical order in-between Pace your talk Pace your talk Encourage student participation Encourage student participation Plan a clear ending Plan a clear ending

5. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Demonstration Purposes of Demonstrations Purposes of Demonstrations Guidelines for Using Demonstrations Guidelines for Using Demonstrations

6. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Memorizing and Reviewing: Guidelines Memorizing and Reviewing: Guidelines Avoid overuse of memorizing Avoid overuse of memorizing If possible, have students study for meaning before memorizing If possible, have students study for meaning before memorizing Use the recall method, where students study and then try to recall without prompting Use the recall method, where students study and then try to recall without prompting Encourage the use of mnemonics to aid students in their memorization Encourage the use of mnemonics to aid students in their memorization

7. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Assignments and Homework Purposes and Guidelines for Using Assignments and Homework Purposes and Guidelines for Using Assignments and Homework

8. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Questioning Purposes for Using Questioning Purposes for Using Questioning Questions to Avoid Asking Questions to Avoid Asking Types of Questions Types of Questions Other Aspects of Questions (next slide) Other Aspects of Questions (next slide)

9. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Other Aspects of Questioning (contd.) Socratic Questioning Socratic Questioning Informal dialogues where Socrates sometimes had to go to considerable lengths to ignite his students’ intrinsic interest; their response was natural and spontaneous Informal dialogues where Socrates sometimes had to go to considerable lengths to ignite his students’ intrinsic interest; their response was natural and spontaneous Levels of Cognitive Questions and Student Thinking Levels of Cognitive Questions and Student Thinking Lowest level Lowest level Intermediate level Intermediate level Highest level Highest level Question-Answer relationship (QAR) strategy Question-Answer relationship (QAR) strategy

10. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Now onto Student-Centered Instructional Strategies…a sample Hands-on/minds-on learning Hands-on/minds-on learning Total class as group exercise Total class as group exercise Learning in pairs Learning in pairs Cooperative learning Cooperative learning Inquiry teaching Inquiry teaching Project centered learning Project centered learning Writing across curriculum Writing across curriculum

11. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Hands-On learning and the Learning Experiences Ladder Hands-On learning and the Learning Experiences Ladder Learning Experiences Ladder (Abstract to Concrete) Learning Experiences Ladder (Abstract to Concrete) Verbal Experiences Verbal Experiences Visual Experiences Visual Experiences Vicarious Experiences Vicarious Experiences Simulated Experiences Simulated Experiences Direct Experiences Direct Experiences

12. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e The Total Class as a Group Enterprise The Total Class as a Group Enterprise Traditional Recitation-type Strategy Traditional Recitation-type Strategy The flow of interaction The flow of interaction Interactive Whole-class Discussion Interactive Whole-class Discussion Shifting leadership Shifting leadership

13. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Learning in Pairs Peer Tutoring, Mentoring, and Cross-Age Coaching Peer Tutoring, Mentoring, and Cross-Age Coaching Paired Team Learning Paired Team Learning Think-Pair-Share Think-Pair-Share The Learning Center The Learning Center

14. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Cooperative Learning The Cooperative Learning Group (CLG) The Cooperative Learning Group (CLG) A heterogeneous group A heterogeneous group The theory and use of cooperative learning The theory and use of cooperative learning Roles within the cooperative learning group Roles within the cooperative learning group Group facilitator Group facilitator Recorder Recorder Task master Task master Materials manager Materials manager Thinking monitor Thinking monitor

15. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Inquiry Teaching and Discovery Learning Problem Solving Problem Solving Inquiry vs. Discovery Inquiry vs. Discovery True Inquiry True Inquiry The Critical Thinking Skills of Discovery and Inquiry The Critical Thinking Skills of Discovery and Inquiry

16. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Project-Centered Learning: Guiding Learning from Independent and Group Investigations, Papers, and Oral Reports Values and Purposes of Project-Centered Learning Values and Purposes of Project-Centered Learning Guidelines for guiding students in project- centered learning Guidelines for guiding students in project- centered learning Writing should be a required component of project-centered learning Writing should be a required component of project-centered learning Assess the final product Assess the final product Rubrics Rubrics Evaluation Evaluation

17. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Writing Across the Curriculum Kinds of Writing Kinds of Writing Student Journals Student Journals Purpose and Assessment of Student Journal Writing Purpose and Assessment of Student Journal Writing