1. HS130: Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit 8 Seminar:
Fluid/Electrolyte Balance Acid/Base Equilibrium
Dr. Grant Iannelli
Professor, Kaplan University

2. Tonight’s Agenda Welcome Course Questions, Problems & Issues
Unit 7 Review
Seminar discussion

3. Course Questions, Problems & Issues

4. Unit 7 Issues to Review The uterus is located:
What is the most distal structure in relation to the kidneys?
Which level of the spinal cord is involved with the regulation of micturition?
True/false Glucose is a normal finding in the urine.
The major components of the nephron:
A tuft or network of capillaries involved in filtration:

5. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

6. Fluids What are the three main fluid compartments of the body?
Which of these make up extracellular fluid?

7. Water
What factors influence the percentage of water in the body?

8. Water Gain
What are the three sources of water for the body?

9. Water Loss
List the four organs from which fluid loss occurs.

10. Water Loss
Why is the body unable to reduce its fluid output to zero no matter how dehydrated it is?

11. Electrolytes
What is the difference between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes?

12. Electrolytes Name the three most important negative ions.
Name three important positive ions.

13. Urine Regulation Name the three hormones that regulate urine volume.
Where is each made and what is the specific effect each has on urine volume?

14. Aldosterone
How does aldosterone influence water movement between the kidney tubules and the blood?

15. Water Movement
What is the role of capillary blood pressure in water movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid?

16. Water Movement
What is the role of plasma proteins in water movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid?

17. Fluid Disturbances Describe the common fluid imbalances. Dehydration
Overhydration
Edema

18. Acid-Base Equilibrium

19. Acids and Bases
What is an acid?
A base?

20. The pH Scale
What is the relationship between pH and the relative concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solution?

21. Acid-Base Chemistry
What is the chemical reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid?
What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

22. Acid-Base Chemistry
What is a buffer?

24. Acid-Base Chemistry
How does a buffer pair react if more hydrogen ions are added to the blood?

25. Acid-Base Chemistry
How does a buffer pair react if more hydroxide ions are added to the blood?

26. Acid-Base Chemistry
What changes occur in the blood as a result of buffering fixed acids?

27. Acid-Base Balance
Explain the respiratory mechanism of pH control.

28. Renal pH Control
Explain how the kidney uses NaH2PO4 to remove hydrogen ions from the blood.

29. Disturbances
Define acidosis and alkalosis.

30. Case Study: Justin Peaks
A mountain climber, Justin Peaks, spent several days camped at a very high altitude on a mountain. He noticed that he was breathing faster than normal and that he began to feel nervous, excitable, and his muscles were hyperactive. Suggest a reason for his symptoms.

31. Case Study: Justin Peaks
Justin felt ill and vomited several times. How would this affect his alkalosis?

32. Case Study: Justin Peaks
Because Justin didn’t feel well, he took several antacid tablets, which contained sodium bicarbonate. Was this a good idea? How would this affect his alkalosis?

33. Case Study: Justin Peaks
How would his body work to control his alkalosis and maintain homeostasis of the pH of his body fluids?

34. Ask ME or ask your classmates!!
Questions??
Ask ME or ask your classmates!!

35. Thanks for attending!
See you in discussion!