1. 11.1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 11 Chapter Building Information Systems

2. 11.2 © 2007 by Prentice Hall STUDENT OBJECTIVES Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems Identify and describe the core problem-solving steps for developing new information systems. Evaluate models for assessing the business value of information systems. Assess the requirements for successfully managing change created by new systems. Evaluate alternative methods for building information systems. Compare alternative methodologies for modeling and designing systems.

3. 11.3 © 2007 by Prentice Hall A New Ordering System for Girl Scout Cookies Problem: Inefficient manual procedures, high error rate. Solutions: Eliminate manual procedures, design new ordering process, and implement database building software to batch and track orders automatically and schedule order pickups. QuickBase for Corporate Workgroups software service increased efficiency and reduced errors. Demonstrates IT’s role in updating traditional business processes. Illustrates digital technology as the focus of designing and building new information systems. Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

4. 11.4 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems Interactive Session: Girl Scout Cookies A New Ordering System for Girl Scout Cookies Think of a time when you were charged with the task of selling a product How did you keep track of your orders? How did you keep track of your inventory? What were some of the weaknesses of your methods? How could information systems have improved your transaction and supply chain processes?

5. 11.5 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Problem Solving and Systems Development New information systems are built as solutions to problems Four steps to building an information system Define and understand the problem Develop alternative solutions Choose the best solution Implement the solution The first three steps are called systems analysis Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

6. 11.6 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Figure 11-1 Developing an information system solution is based on the problem-solving process. Problem Solving and Systems Development Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems Developing an Information System Solution

7. 11.7 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Defining and Understanding the Problem What caused the problem? Why does it persist? Why hasn’t it been solved? What are the objectives of a solution? Information requirements Problem Solving and Systems Development Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

8. 11.8 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Problem Solving and Systems Development Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems Developing Alternative Solutions Paths to a solution determined by systems analysis Some solutions do not require an information system Some solutions require modification of existing systems Some solutions require new systems

9. 11.9 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Evaluating and Choosing Solutions Feasibility issues Costs and benefits Advantages and disadvantages Business value of systems Change management Problem Solving and Systems Development Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

10. 11.10 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Implementing the Solution Systems design Completing implementation Hardware selection and acquisition Software development and programming Testing Training and documentation Conversion Production and maintenance Managing the change Problem Solving and Systems Development Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

11. 11.11 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Interactive Session: Problem Solving Problem Solving and Systems Development Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems Think of a problem you recently attempted to solve How did you define the problem? What solutions were available to you? Which solution did you choose? Why? How did you implement the solution? What changes resulted from implementing the solution? How did you manage these changes?

12. 11.12 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Making the Business Case for a New System Understanding the Business Value of Systems and Managing Change Financial issues Tangible benefits Intangible benefits Capital budgeting methods Nonfinancial issues Strategic advantages Information systems plan Portfolio analysis Scoring model Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

13. 11.13 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Figure 11-3 Companies should examine their portfolio of projects in terms of potential benefits and likely risks. Certain kinds of projects should be avoided altogether and others developed rapidly. There is no ideal mix. Companies in different industries have different information systems needs. A System Portfolio Understanding the Business Value of Systems and Managing Change Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

14. 11.14 © 2007 by Prentice Hall New System Challenges User interface design Costs to implement or run User involvement and influence User-designer communications gap Management support and commitment Level of complexity and risk Quality of project management Understanding the Business Value of Systems and Managing Change Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

15. 11.15 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Managing Change Successfully Outsourcing and external consultants Formal planning and control tools User education and training Ergonomics Organizational impact analysis Understanding the Business Value of Systems and Managing Change Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

16. 11.16 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Change Management Delivers for Australian Social Services Read the Focus on People and then discuss the following questions: What problems were Australia’s social welfare systems facing? How did Centrelink attempt to solve these problems? What other solutions might have worked? What people, organization, and technology factors impacted this problem and its solution? Describe the role that Jane Treadwell played in the development of Centrelink. What choices and techniques contributed to her success as an executive? Understanding the Business Value of Systems and Managing Change Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

17. 11.17 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Traditional Systems Development Lifecycle Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Oldest method for building information systems Phased approach with formal stages Waterfall approach Formal division of labor Used for building large, complex systems Time consuming and expensive to use Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

18. 11.18 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Figure 11-5 The systems development lifecycle partitions systems development into formal stages, with each stage requiring completion before the next stage can begin. The Traditional Systems Development Lifecycle Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems Alternative Systems-Building Approaches

19. 11.19 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Prototyping Preliminary model built rapidly and inexpensive Four-step process Identify the user’s basic requirements Develop an initial prototype Use the prototype Revise and enhance the prototype Especially useful in designing a user interface Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

20. 11.20 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Marriott’s New Revenue Management System Yields Success Read the Focus on Organizations and then discuss the following questions: What problem did Marriott face? What business goals was the company trying to achieve? What alternatives were available for solving Marriott’s problem? Did Marriott select the best solution? How did prototyping help Marriott come up with its solution? What people, organization, and technology factors were involved in the solution that the company chose? Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

21. 11.21 © 2007 by Prentice Hall End-User Development Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems End users create simple information systems with little or no assistance from technical specialists Use fourth-generation languages, graphics languages, and PC software tools to access data, create reports, and develop information systems Completed more rapidly than systems developed with conventional tools Organizational risks

22. 11.22 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Purchasing Solutions: Application Software Packages and Outsourcing Request for Proposal (RFP) Application software packages Generalized systems for universal functions with standard processes Customization Outsourcing Application service providers (ASPs) Offshore outsourcing Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

23. 11.23 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Rapid Application Development for E-Business Agility and scalability Rapid application development (RAD) Creating workable systems in a very short period of time Joint application design (JAD) End users and information systems specialists working together on design Alternative Systems-Building Approaches Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

24. 11.24 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Structured methodologies Data flow diagram Process specifications Structure chart Object-oriented development Based on concepts of class and inheritance Component-based development and Web services Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Modeling and Designing Systems: Structured and Object-Oriented Methodologies Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems

25. 11.25 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Figure 11-11 This figure illustrates how classes inherit the common features of their superclass. Class and Inheritance Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Building Information Systems Modeling and Designing Systems: Structured and Object-Oriented Methodologies