1. Availability of Low-GWP Alternatives Options for Near Term & Longer Term Transitions OZONACTION NETWORK FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN OCTOBER 6-8 2010 Mexico, D.F. Cindy Newberg, Branch Chief Alternatives & Emissions Reduction Branch US Environmental Protection Agency

2. Scope of Presentation Context: ODS and HFCs Availability of Substitutes: Different Sectors at Different Times –Specific Examples SNAP Summary

3. Relationship Between Ozone Depleting Substances and Greenhouse Gases Ozone Depleting Substances (Halogen Gases) Greenhouse Gases CFCs Halons HFCs HCFCs HFC-23 HFC-134a HFC-125 CO 2 CH 4 SF 6 PFCs N2ON2O CFC-113 CFC-12 CFC-11 H-1211 H-1301 Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) Methyl Chloride (CH 3 Cl) Methyl Bromide (CH 3 Br) Methyl Chloroform (CH 3 CCl 3 )

4. Many Substitutes Available and More on the Way “ The ultimate choice of technology to phase-out HCFCs will be based on ozone depletion and also climate impact, health, safety, affordability and availability, as Decision XIX/6 requires” May 2010 TEAP XXI/9 Task Force Report Assessment Of HCFCs and Environmentally Sound Alternatives 2010 TEAP Progress Report –Substitutes for many sectors and sub-sectors available –Additional substitutes under development –Global acceptance for alternatives strengthening –Potential to skip higher-GWP HFC alternatives, go directly to lower GWP alternatives

5. Sectors Will Transition at Different Times Various factors will influence speed of transition –Domestic and regional requirements, e.g., European F-Gas rule –Availability of alternatives –Advanced design options that reduce charge size –Global expansion of air-conditioning and refrigeration –Proven technologies, ability to avoid multiple transitions –Opportunity to focus on sectors instead of chemicals Examples follow

6. Potential Near Term Transition: Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Passenger Cars and Light Duty Trucks: Buses and Trains:

7. Available Options: Commercial Refrigeration Stand-Alone Equipment Condensing Unit Systems Multiplex Rack Systems

8. Changing Chemicals Is Not Only Option Advanced Refrigeration System Designs: Distributed systems & indirect systems available –Distributed systems can lower refrigerant charge by 30–50% –Indirect systems can lower refrigerant charge by 50–80% Europe: indirect systems are norm US: distributed systems ~40% of new installations and indirect systems are gaining significant market share Supermarkets can reduce HFC use by changing system designs

9. Available & Near Term Options: Unitary A/C Alternatives to R-407C & R-410A: - lower GWP HFCs, e.g., HFC-32 - HCs and CO2 - potentially HFOs, blends

10. How U.S. Could Meet HFC Phasedown Known Reduction Opportunities

11. Country “A” Baseline Makeup –20% Mobile AC (HFC) –5% Refrigeration (HFC) –20% Refrigeration (HCFC) –30% Stationary AC (HCFC) –20% Foam (HCFC) –5% Other Sectors (HCFC) Growth Rates: –10% 2010-2030 (majority of HCFC phased out) –1% 2030-2050 (population growth)

12. How Country “A” Could Meet the HFC Phasedown

13. Identifying Safer Alternatives USEPA evaluates & lists substitutes that reduce overall risk to human health & environment Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program reviews: –ODP and GWP –Flammability –Toxicity –Contributions to smog –Aquatic and ecosystem effects –Occupational health and safety 400+ substitutes reviewed for end uses in 8 sectors: –Alternatives acceptable, unacceptable, or acceptable with use conditions Prohibited or restricted e.g., from use in occupied settings, unacceptable where safer alternatives exist for same uses

14. SNAP evaluating substitutes that, compared to current options, offer significantly lower- or no-GWP choices Lower-GWP alternatives in SNAP review (examples): –Proposed acceptable with use conditions: HCs for stand-alone commercial refrigeration HCs for residential refrigerator/freezer HFO-1234yf for new motor vehicle air conditioners CO2 for new motor vehicle air conditioners What’s Ahead for SNAP?

15. Summary Suite of known alternatives, technologies, and better handling can significantly reduce HFC consumption in near and long term Considering HCFCs and HFCs together allows for focus on the sectors, rather than chemicals –In some cases, may reduce need for multiple transitions Today there are substitutes for many sectors and sub- sectors available Additional substitutes under development –Similar to ODS phaseout

16. Questions and Comments Thank You For More Information, Visit: –U.S. EPA’s Website on Ozone Layer Depletion: http://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html –Information and analysis of Amendment Proposal including sector fact sheets: http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/mpagreement.html