1. AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng. Professor & Chairman Department of Civil Engineering The University of Toledo

2. COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS

3. Early 1990’s, SPM-Comparison Across Cities (Source: UNESCAP 2000) Annual Avg. (ug/m3)

4. Air Quality Levels 2000-2001 Source: Information collected from national and local government agencies through CAI-Asia network, 2003, detailed sources available from CAI-Asia Secretariat SO2 NO2 SPM PM10 SPM Limit = 90 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1979) PM 10 Limit = 50 µg/m 3 (USEPA, 1997) SO 2 Limit = 50 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1999) NO 2 Limit = 40 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1999)

6. FACTORS INFLUENCING POLLUTION

8. POPULATION GROWTH

9. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

10. INCREASED VEHICULAR TRAFFIC

12. ECONOMIC GROWTH

16. POLLUTION TRENDS China India Sri Lanka

17. Trends - China

18. Trends - India

19. Changes in RSPM levels Delhi (ug/m 3 ) Kolkata (ug/m 3 ) Mumbai (ug/m 3 ) Hyderabad (ug/m 3 ) Chennai (ug/m 3 ) 1993-95 Average 2551961426973 2000-02 Average 180130836663 Reduction75 (29%) 66 (34%) 59 (42%) 3 (4%) 10 (14%)

20. Trends – Sri Lanka

22. CONTROL MEASURES Technology-Based Regulations –Hybrid Vehicles –Fuel Cell Vehicles –Hydrogen-Powered Internal-Combustion Engines –Ultra-Low Sulfur Fuels –Alternative Fuels Economic Instruments –Emission Trading –Congestion Pricing Policy Implementation

23. TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION

24. 1328 industries closed or relocated in 1996-97 Lower S in diesel and other industrial fuel National Standard (Residential) Change in monitoring equipment ! Effects - India

26. Per Capita Income Pollution

27. Environmental Effects of Globalization A failure to account for environmental and social degradation A potential reduction in environmental and social standards Specialization which increases monocultures and decreases diversity Environmental damage caused by long-distance transport Export-oriented growth which exacerbates all of the above. Incompatibility with some environmental protection measures Increasing inequality between rich and poor countries, rich and poor people, and women and men, all of which also exacerbate poverty and environmental degradation