1. Drill: Calculate the solubility of MgF 2 in 0.10 M KF. K sp MgF 2 = 6.4 x 10 -9

2. Drill: Calculate the volume of Cl 2 formed at 27 o C under 75 kPa when xs molten NaCl is electrolyzed with 96.5 mA for 5.0 mins.

3. Nuclear Chemistry

4. The study of reactions that take place in the nuclei of atoms

5. Chemical Reactions In normal chemical reactions, only the electrons are involved

6. Radioactive Nuclei Nuclei that spontaneously decompose

7. Isotopes Elements with the same atomic number, but different mass number

8. Isotopes Elements with = numbers of protons, but  numbers of neutrons

9. Isotopes All elements have at least one radioactive isotope

10. Radiation The emission of particles & rays from spontaneously decomposing nuclei

11. Modes of Decay Alpha emission Beta emission Gamma emission Positron emission K-electron capture

12. Alpha Particle (  ) Helium nucleus 2 protons & 2 neutrons mass = 4 amu charge = +2 Penetration power: small

13. Beta Particle (  ) High speed electron 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1 Penetration power: medium

14. Gamma Ray (  ) High energy photon Electromagnetic wave mass = 0 charge = 0 Penetration power: great

15. Positron (  ) Positive electron 1 positive electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = +1 Penetration power: medium

16. K-capture The capture of an inner level e - by the nucleus 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1

17. Nuclear Symbol Alpha: 2 4 He or 2 4  Beta: -1 0 e or –1 0  Gamma: 0 0  Positron: +1 0 e K-electron: -1 0 e

18. AP CHM HW Read: Chapter 19 Problems: 5 & 7 Page: 552

19. CHM II HW Read: Chapter 26 Problems: 31 & 35 Page: 1036

20. Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller nuclei involving the release of energy

21. Drill: Name five types of radiation

22. Drill: Name 3 common types of radiation

23. Fusion The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger one involving the release of energy

24. Transmutation Rxns Nuclear reactions in which one element is changed into another

25. Transmutation Rxns Reactions in which the nucleus of an atom is changed

26. Transmutation Rxns Both fission & fusion are examples of transmutation rxns

27. Transmutation Rxns Can occur through emission of or bombardment by radioactive particles

28. Transmutation Rxns  emission of Pm-142  bombardment of Th-231

29. Transmutation Rxns  emission of  U   followed by two separate  emissions:

30. Transmutation Rxns  bombardment of Th  followed by two separate  emission:

31. Drill: Predict Prod Neutron absorption by U  followed by two separate  emission:

32. Drill: Predict Products  emission of O-18 followed by a  emission:

33. Predict Products K-capture by V-45 followed by neutron emission then  emission

34. Predict Products  absorption by V- 45 followed by neutron emission then  emission

35. Decay Rate The rate at which radioactive nuclei break down

36. Half-Life The time it takes for 50 % of the radioactive nuclei to decompose

38. Decay Rate Rate = k  X/  t ln(X i /X f ) = kt 1/2 k = 0.693/t 1/2 t 1/2 = half-life

39. Drill: Predict the products in each step when Boron-12 goes through  bombardment followed by  emission.

40. 1st Order Age Dating Formula ln(X i /X f )t 1/2 0.693 t =

41. Calculate the age of a skeleton found with 0.125 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5720 yr

42. Calculate the age of a tooth found with 0.00132 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5720

43. AP CHM HW Read: Chapter 19 Problems: 26 & 27 Page: 553

44. CHM II HW Read: Chapter 26 Problems: 53 & 54 Page: 1037

45. Calculate the age of a bone found with 0.000300 % C-14 when atmospheric C- 14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5720

46. Drill: A fossil contained 3.125% of its original carbon-14. Determine its age. t 1/2 for C-14 = 5720 yrs

47. Mass-Energy Relations  E =  mc 2

48. Nuclear Fact The mass of any nucleus is different than the sum of the masses of its protons & neutrons

49. Nuclear Fact The energy corresponding to the mass difference can be solved using:  E =  mc 2

50. Binding Energy The energy that holds a nucleus together corresponds to  m of nucleus

51. In an atomic bomb, 40.00 kg of U-235 (235.401) is split into Ba-143 (14 3.223) + Kr-89 (89.335) + 2 neutrons (1.014). A) Calculate the energy released. B) Calculate the wavelength of the  ray

52. Drill: Show neutron bombardment of Ra-223 followed by 3 alpha emissions

53. Drill: Show the intermediates and the final isotope of alpha bombardment of Xe-136 followed by two separate beta emissions.