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Published byDerrick Valentine Potter Modified over 9 years ago
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The Nervous System Charles C. Cook, MD
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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The Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal cord Processes sensory information Produces a response
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The Central Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves that connects muscles, receptors, and glands so …. Sensory nerves sends info from the receptors to the CNS Motor nerves sends info from the CNS to muscles and glands
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Nerves
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Peripheral Nervous System Motor Nerves
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Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
PNS that controls internal organs
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Grouping of Neural Tissue
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Fibers located outside the CNS, held together by connective tissue
Nerve Fibers located outside the CNS, held together by connective tissue
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Aggregations of myelinated processes of many neurons
White matter Aggregations of myelinated processes of many neurons
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Gray Matter Contains either nerve cell bodies or bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers
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Reflexes
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Reflex Arcs Behavioral unit of the nervous system
Structural and functional basis for the simplest involuntary actions
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Reflex Behavior Automatic and unconscious Maintain Homeostasis
Changes inside or outside Maintain Homeostasis Heart rate, breathing rate, swallowing……
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Examples of Reflexes
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Protection & Covering of CNS
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Cranial Bones
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Vertebral Bones
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Meninges Membranes that cover brain and spinal cord
Serve as bacterial barriers
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Dura mater (tough mother)
Meninges (cont) Dura mater (tough mother) Outermost layer Composition is white fibrous connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves Attached to inside of cranium Sort of like periostem for cranium
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Meninges (cont) Dura mater Cranium —attached to bone (skull)
Spinal cord —surrounded by adipose (fatty) tissue
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Meninges (cont) Arachnoid Web-like Lacks blood vessels
Located between dura mater and pia mater
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Pia mater (gentle mother)
Meninges (cont) Pia mater (gentle mother) Innermost layer Attached to organ surface Nerves and many blood vessels Attached to inside of cranium Sort of like periostem for cranium
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Meninges (cont) Subarachnoid Space Fluid filled
Between arachnoid mater and pia mater Attached to inside of cranium Sort of like periostem for cranium
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Ventricles and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem
Ventricles Cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Clear watery fluid secreted within ventricles
Circulates within ventricles and subarachnoid space Protects and supports CNS
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Spinal Cord
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Structure Base of skull to 1st lumbar vertebrae
Core gray matter surrounded by white matter
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Structure Give rise to 31Pairs of spinal nerves
Inferiorly, splits into cauda equina
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Function Conduct nerve impulses Center for spinal reflexes
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Largest part of the mature brain
Cerebrum Largest part of the mature brain
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Mirrored large masses of the brain
Cerebrum structure Cerebral hemispheres (Thinking Caps) Mirrored large masses of the brain
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Cerebrum structure Fissure Deep furrows
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Cerebrum structure (Cont)
Corpus callosum Nerve fibers that connect hemispheres
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Cerebrum structure (Cont)
Exterior - Gray matter Interior - White matter
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Cerebral lobes (regions)
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Cerebral Lobes Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe
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Frontal lobe Higher thought processes, reasoning, logic
Planning, concentration, and emotions
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Parietal lobe General sensations (Hot or Cold, Pressure or Pain)
Understanding speech
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Temporal lobe Special sensations (Hearing, Taste, Smell)
Memory of visual and auditory patterns
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Occipital lobe Sight and recognition of objects
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Diencephalon
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Diencephalon Forms central core of forebrain and consists of:
--Thalamus --Hypothalamus
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Thalamus Relays all sensory impulses to cerebral cortex (except smell)
Understanding speech, light, touch and pressure
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Hypothalamus Controls heart rate, blood pressure, and body temp. (Autonomic Nervous System) Receives sensory impulses from internal organs Connects nervous w/ endocrine system Controls release of regulating hormones from anterior pituitary gland
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Brainstem
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Brainstem Regions include the following: --Midbrain --Pons
--Medulla Oblongata
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Midbrain Between hypothalamus and the pons
Visual and auditory reflex centers
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Pons Separates midbrain/medulla oblongata Helps regulate breathing
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Medulla oblongata Continuation of spinal cord from pons to the base of skull Transmits impulses, Contains vital visceral centers
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Medulla oblongata Cardiac center Vasomotor center Respiratory center
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Cerebellum Second largest structure of the brain
Below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, posterior to the pons and the medulla oblongata. Consists of two hemispheres-connects by a vermis Functions primarily in coordination of skeletal muscle movement and maintaining posture
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Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
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Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Plexus
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Cranial Nerves 12 pair All arise from brainstem (Except CN 1 ---Optic Nerve) Most are mixed nerves
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Spinal Nerves 31 pair All arise from spinal cord All are mixed nerves
Emerges as Roots
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Spinal Nerves Cervical Nerves - C1-C8 Thoracic Nerves - T1-T12
Lumbar Nerves - L1-L5 Sacral Nerves S1-S5 1pair of Coccygeal nerves
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Plexus Formed by combining branches of several spinal nerves
(Except in the Thoracic Region)
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Cervical Plexus C-1 through C-4 Innervates muscles and skin of neck
Forms Phrenic nerve which innervates the Diaphragm
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Cervical Plexus
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Brachial Plexus C-5 through T-1
Innervates muscles and skin of arms, forearms & hands
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Brachial Plexus
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Lumbosacral Plexus T-12 through S-5 Innervates lower extremity
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Lumbosacral Plexus
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Summary Divisions of the Nervous System Neural Tissue
Behavior of Reflexes Functions of the Central Nervous System Functions of Spinal Cord
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Summary Functions of Cerebrum Components of Diencephlon
Functions of Brain Stem Functions of Cerebellum Components of Peripheral Nervous System
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Questions THE END!!!!
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