2. AP Biology 2003-2004 Nervous System

3. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Why do animals need a nervous system?  What characteristics do animals need in a nervous system?  fast  accurate  reset quickly Remember… think about the bunny… Poor bunny!

4. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Nervous System  Central nervous system  brain & spinal chord  Peripheral nervous system  nerves from senses  nerves to muscles cerebrum cerebellum spinal cord cervical nerves thoracic nerves lumbar nerves femoral nerve sciatic nerve tibial nerve

5. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Nervous system cells dendrites cell body axon synapse  Neuron  a nerve cell signal direction signal direction

6. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Fun facts about neurons  Most specialized cell in animals  Longest cell  blue whale neuron  10-30 meters  giraffe axon  5 meters  human neuron  1-2 meters Nervous system allows for 1 millisecond response time

7. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Myelin sheath signal direction  Axon coated with insulation made of myelin cells  speeds signal  signal hops from node to node  330 mph vs. 11 mph myelin sheath Multiple Sclerosis  immune system (T cells) attacks myelin sheath  loss of signal Multiple Sclerosis  immune system (T cells) attacks myelin sheath  loss of signal

8. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Synapse Junction between nerve cells  1st cell releases chemical to trigger next cell  this is where drugs affect nervous system

9. Regents Biology  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXx9 qlJetSU&list=PL6C5E12A50A29788F http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXx9 qlJetSU&list=PL6C5E12A50A29788F 2003-2004

10. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Types of neurons sensory neuron (from senses) interneuron (brain & spinal chord) motor neuron (to muscle)

11. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Simplest Nerve Circuit  Reflex, or automatic response  rapid response  automated  signal only goes to spinal cord  no higher level processing  advantage  essential actions  don’t need to think or make decisions about  blinking  balance  pupil dilation  startle

12. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Eye Blink or Pain Withdrawal Reflex Effector (muscle) Spinal cord Interneuron Gray matter White matter Motor neuron Sensory neuron Receptor in skin Stimulus

13. Regents Biology  Resting Potential = -70 millivolts  Many Na+ on the outside of the neuron  Many K+ on the inside of the neuron  Many large negatively charged ions 2003-2004

14. Regents Biology  Threshold voltage = -50 mV ( Na+ start rushing in) Action Potential = +30 mV  Na+ continue to rush in and the K + rush out  Wave of depolarization  Refractory period-no impulse can be sent  Na-K pump-reset resting potential 2003-2004

15. Regents Biology Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System 2003-2004

16. Regents Biology 2003-2004

17. Regents Biology Blood Brain Barrier  blue dye  that tissues of the whole body EXCEPT the brain and spinal cord would turn blue  Functions  Protects the brain from "foreign substances" in the blood that may injure the brain.  Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body.  Maintains a constant environment for the brain. 2003-2004

18. Regents Biology The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid 2003-2004

19. Regents Biology Central Canal 2003-2004

20. Regents Biology 2003-2004

21. Regents Biology White and Gray matter 2003-2004

22. Regents Biology Cranial Nerves 2003-2004

23. Regents Biology Spinal Nerves 2003-2004

24. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Human brain

25. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Primitive brain  The “lower brain”  medulla oblongata  pons  cerebellum  Functions  basic body functions  breathing, heart, digestion, swallowing, vomiting  homeostasis  coordination of movement

26. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Higher brain  Cerebrum  hemispheres  left = right side of body  right = left side of body  Corpus callosum  major connection between 2 hemispheres

27. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Division of Brain Function  Left hemisphere  “logic side”  language, math, logic operations, vision & hearing details  fine motor control  Right hemisphere  “creative side”  pattern recognition, spatial relationships, non-verbal ideas, emotional processing, parallel processing of information

28. Regents Biology  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7Tc ugWqyaI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7Tc ugWqyaI  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGw sAdS9Dc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGw sAdS9Dc 2003-2004

29. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Cerebrum specialization  Regions of the cerebrum are specialized for different functions  Lobes  frontal  temporal  occipital  parietal

30. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Limbic system Controls basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in emotional bonding, establishes emotional memory

31. Regents Biology  Reticular formation  Electroencephalogram EEG  Slow wave sleep  REM sleep 2003-2004

32. Regents Biology  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sa3v LdxYTQY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sa3v LdxYTQY  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNT LIv8JZA0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNT LIv8JZA0 2003-2004

33. Regents Biology 2003-2004

34. Regents Biology  Short Term memory  Lasts only a few minutes  Long Term memory  Lasts for weeks or years  To move from short term to long term:  Rehearsal  Emotional state  Association with old data 2003-2004

35. Regents Biology Referred pain 2003-2004

36. Regents Biology Sensation vs perception Figure 29.1 p 586 2003-2004

37. Regents Biology 2003-2004

38. Regents Biology 2003-2004

39. Regents Biology HTTP://WWW.MAYOCLINIC.CO M/HEALTH/LASIK-EYE- SURGERY/MM00607 http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=39957&C ategoryID=1885 http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-we-see-color-colm-kelleher http://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-we-see-illusions-mark- changizi 2003-2004

40. Regents Biology 2003-2004

41. Regents Biology 2003-2004 http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/local_news/water _cooler/amy-barber-cochlear-implant-video- today-show-spotlights-the-moment-she-first- hears-her-family http://www.hearinglink.org/howwehear

42. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Muscle Contraction  Nerve releases acetylcholine which causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca++.  Ca++ bond with troponin which causes tropomyosin to pull away from actin binding sites.  Myosin cross bridges go in and muscle contracts.

43. Regents Biology 2003-2004