1. Structures and Functions

2. brain
consists of five major regions: olfactory lobes, cerebrum, optic lobe, cerebellum, and the medula oblongata (anterior to posterior); nervous system

3. camouflage
most frogs have dark dorsal sides and light ventral sides to protect them from predators on land and in water, respectively

4. cerebellum
a region of the brain that is responsible for muscle coordination; nervous system

5. cerebrum
a region of the brain that is responsible for learning; nervous system  

6. cloaca
collects wastes from digestive and excretory systems, and removes them from the body

7. esophagus
digestive system structure which is a tube leading food from the mouth cavity to the stomach

8. eustachian tubes
tubes connecting the mouth cavity and the tympanic membrane that help equalize internal ear pressure

9. fat bodies
attached near the kidneys, and provide nourishment for the gametes; much larger and more abundant in females

10. gall bladder
stores bile from the liver, and sends bile to the small intestine; digestive system

11. gullet
the opening to the esophagus; digestive system

12. heart
three chambered structure (ventricle, right atrium, left atrium) that circulates blood; circulatory system

13. kidneys
filter blood and urine that drains into the urinary bladder; excretory system

14. large intestine
collects wastes from the tissues; digestive system

15. left atrium
a chamber of the heart that collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pushes it into the ventricle; circulatory system

16. liver
a three lobed structure that produces bile for lipid digestion; not part of food passage through the digestive system, but rather through the blood supply; digestive system

17. lung
collects oxygen from the air and transfers it to the blood supply; respiratory system

18. medula oblongata
a region of the brain which controls some organ function, such as respiration rate and heart rate; nervous system

19. nictating membrane
a clear covering over the eye, acting similar to an eyelid, protecting the eye from debris in the water or keeping the eye moistened when on land

20. olfactory lobes
a region of the brain responsible for the sense of smell; nervous system

21. optic lobes
a region of the brain responsible for the sense of sight; nervous system

22. pancreas
secretes enzymes into the small intestine; digestive system

23. right atrium
a chamber of the heart that collects deoxygenated blood from the tissues and pumps it into the ventricle; circulatory system

24. small intestine
breaks down soupy mixture from stomach into usable nutrients, using bile from the gall bladder and enzymes from the pancreas; digestive system

25. spinal cord
connected to the brain and 10 pairs of spinal nerves; nervous system

26. spleen
filters improperly functioning blood cells; circulatory system

27. stomach
secretes digestive juices to breakdown whole foods swallowed by the frog into a soupy mixture; digestive system

28. teeth
maxillary and vomerine teeth are used to hold onto caught prey, not for chewing

29. tongue
folded and slightly forked (but not like a snake's); it flips forward to catch prey

30. tympanic membrane
the eardrum, which collects sound waves; this is more external than one found in humans, and allows frogs to hear well in the water too

31. urinary bladder
stores urine before it is exreted through the cloaca; excretory system

32. ventricle
a chamber of the heart that collects blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the tissues, and collects blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs; circulatory system