1. Biological Basis of Behavior Chapter 2

2. What are the different ways for doctors to see inside your body? CAT (CT Scan) – noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions – scans of internal organs, bones, soft tissue and blood vessels – one of the best and fastest tools for studying the chest, abdomen and pelvis

3. PET- Positron Emission Tomography Scan nuclear medicine imaging uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose or treat a variety of diseases, including many types of cancers, heart disease and certain other abnormalities within the body scan measures important body functions

4. MRI- Magnetic Resonance Imaging uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures.

5. Functional MR Imaging (F-MRI) imaging uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures examine the anatomy of the brain

6. EEG- Electroencephalogram test used to detect abnormalities related to electrical activity of the brain most common reason an EEG is performed is to diagnose and monitor seizure disorders

7. Transcranial Doppler test that measures the velocity of blood flow through the brain's blood vessels

8. Ultrasound Involves exposing part of the body to high- frequency sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body Ultrasound is used to help physicians evaluate symptoms such as: pain swelling infection

9. How does our body work?

10. You’ve Got a Lot of Nerve!! Nervous System The brain can not work without your Nervous System. The nervous system acts as a choreographer; it constantly sends and receives messages that coordinate the stage show of human behavior.

11. Neuron Structure Synapse

12. It all begins with the Neuron An individual nerve cell neurons These neurons send information throughout our whole body Pg. 59

13. Three types of neurons – Sensory (sometimes called Afferent) – Motor (sometimes called Efferent) – Inter (interneuron)

14. Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons) Take information from the senses to the brain. Activity

15. Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons) Take information from brain to the rest of the body. Activity

16. Inter Neurons Sensory Neurons Motor Neurons Takes messages from Sensory Neurons to other parts of the brain or to Motor Neurons.

17. Think of it this way… You are sitting in math class and that really annoying guy sneezes on the back of your head. Sensory Sensory nerves send the feeling of sticky wetness up your spinal cord to your brain. Sensory interneurons Sensory nerves pass the information off to interneurons. Interneuronsmotor Interneurons then tell the motor nerves the plan. Motor Motor nerves then travel down your body and help your hand reach around and smack the guy upside the head.

18. So how does a neuron work?? I’m Glad you Asked!!!

19. How Does A Neuron Work? How does it send a message in our body?? Resting Potential  When a neuron is hanging out doing nothing, it is called Resting Potential Action Potential  When it decides to go to work and send a message it is called Action Potential (the process by which a neuron fires) Pg. 60

20. Steps of Action Potential Dendrites receive a chemical message from another neuron across the synapse. Pieces of this chemical message stick to the dendrite and these pieces keep adding up. When the dendrite has taken as much of the chemical that it can hold the soma reaches its threshold and must fire all-or-none response This is called the all-or-none response.

21. The All-or None Response The idea that either the soma (cell body) fires or it doesn’t – no part way firing – And it is same strength each time…no stronger or weaker signals – And it is the same direction each time

22. The message then travels down the axon in the next neuron where it is stored waiting to reach its next threshold Terminal buttons turn these messages into chemicals (neurotransmitter) and shoots the message to next neuron across the synapse. The process is repeated again and again until the message reaches where it needs to go Steps of Action Potential – cont.

23. Reuptake Sometimes there is too much chemical that is sent across the synapse and it is involved in a process called Reuptake – Chemical that is extra goes back to the neuron that sent it out Natures version of recycling – If Reuptake doesn’t happen, there could be some type of bodily problem Pg 61

24. Refractory Period The amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus once it returns to its resting state following excitation Field Trip

25. Reflexes Normally, sensory (afferent) neurons take info up through spine to the brain. Some reactions occur when sensory neurons reach just the spinal cord. Survival adaptation.

26. Neurotransmitters Natural chemical messengers released by terminal buttons Different ones do different things to your body. Each neurotransmitter has a specific shape that fits into a specific shape of a dendrite

27. Acetylcholine (ACH) Its function is memory, mood and motor movement To much and you will… Not enough and you will experience… Lack of ACH has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. shake paralysis

28. Dopamine Its function is motor movement and feelings of excitement Lack of dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease. People can’t make smooth movements Overabundance is associated with schizophrenia.

29. Serotonin Deals with mood control. Lack of serotonin has been linked to depression. Too much.. headaches

30. Norepinephrine Plays a role in attention and focus Plays a part in flight or fight To much… fear and anxiety Not enough… depression

31. Endorphins Its function is with pain control. – The body’s natural pain killer – “runners high” We become addicted to endorphin causing feelings.

32. GABA A major inhibitory neurotransmitter: controls neural excitement throughout the nervous system Regulates muscles tone Used to treat ADHD Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia

33. Glutamate Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory and learning Oversupply = overstimulated brain causing migraines or seizures This is why people avoid MSG in foods!

34. Now, although we have all of these neurotransmitters naturally in our bodies, modern medicine has figured out a way to manipulate them using what we call Agonists and Antagonists

35. Agonists Chemicals that mimic the action of a particular neurotransmitter Nicotine, morphine, and caffeine are examples A copy of the “key” Antagonists Chemicals that block the action of a particular neurotransmitter. Because they occupy the receptor site, they prevent other neurotransmitters from acting. Some drugs can block the neurotransmitter responsible for movement thus paralyzing an individual