2. By: Robert Kuenzi Nathan Hale H. S.

3. Crane Brinton’s Anatomy of a Revolution YHe borrowed his terms from pathology. YCompares a revolution to a fever or a disease:  The revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms.”  It proceeds by advances and retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.”  The crisis ends when the “fever” breaks.  A period of convalescence follows, interrupted by a relapse or two before the recovery is complete.

4. Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Occurs 1. People from all social classes are discontented. 2. People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy or the govt. 3. People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for. 4. People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness between social classes. 5. The social classes closest to one another are the most hostile.

5. Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Occurs 6. The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates. 7. The government does not respond to the needs of its society. 8. The leaders of the government and the ruling class begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the opposition groups. 9. The government is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself. 10. The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.

6. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity… -- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities

7. Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution

8. Ancien Regime Map, 1789

9. The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793 Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

10. Marie Antoinett e and the Royal Children

11. Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant Cottage”

13. Let Them Eat Cake! YMarie Antoinette NEVER said that! Y“Madame Deficit” Y“The Austrian Whore”

14. Finances SY’s War & American Revolt = over ½ of French budget is debt & interest (rich nation with a broke government) Louis XV stopped parlements and taxed nobility…16 repeals to gain support Aristocrats in the parlements start using Enlightenment terms in a quest to limit monarchy

15. Socio-Economic Data, 1789

16. The French Urban Poor

17. French Budget, 1774

18. aUrban Commoner’s Budget: –Food 80% –Rent 25% –Tithe 10% –Taxes 35% –Clothing 20% –TOTAL 170% aKing’s Budget: –Interest 50% –Army 25% –Versailles 25% –Coronation 10% –Loans 25% –Admin. 25% –TOTAL 160% Financial Problems in France, 1789

19. Where is the tax money?

20. Financial Reform Charles Alexandre Calonne –Transformation of peasant services (corvee) into simple taxation –Introduction of new land taxes imposed regardless of social status 1787 – Assembly of Notables called to ratify new plans, but plan failed –Demanded (aristocrats) greater role in gov’t, reappointment of Necker, and oversight of king’s lavish spending –Argued for Estates-General Aristocrats/church could triumph over monarchy

21. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Three Estates 100,000 members; owned 10% of land; made voluntary gift to Crown every three years 400,000 members; owned 25% of lands; very lightly taxed 25 million commoners; mostly peasants and urban poor with growing middle class.

22. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate Parlement of Paris (Aristocrats), try to make 3E equal head count and one vote per order 1 1 1 Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.

23. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head! 300 648 Royal council doubles Third Estate…control

24. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes 1 st What is the Third Estate? Everything! 2 nd What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3 rd What does it demand? To become something therein! Abbé Sieyès 1748-1836

25. Cahiers de doléances (or list of grievances) Creation ordered by King Louis XVI!!Creation ordered by King Louis XVI!! Served as sorts of political platforms for those elected to Estates-GeneralServed as sorts of political platforms for those elected to Estates-General The documents recorded criticisms of government waste, indirect taxes, church taxes and corruption, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy.The documents recorded criticisms of government waste, indirect taxes, church taxes and corruption, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy. Creation ordered by King Louis XVI!!Creation ordered by King Louis XVI!! Served as sorts of political platforms for those elected to Estates-GeneralServed as sorts of political platforms for those elected to Estates-General The documents recorded criticisms of government waste, indirect taxes, church taxes and corruption, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy.The documents recorded criticisms of government waste, indirect taxes, church taxes and corruption, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy.

26. Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!

27. “The Third Estate Awakens” YThe commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.” YThey proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.

28. “The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789 NA will sit until a constitution

29. Tennis Court Oath Eventually some members of nobility and clergy join NA 27 June 1789 – King requests head vote National Assembly becomes National Constituent Assembly (NCA) –Liberal goals, constitution, economic reform ! King needs NCA at this point (MAJOR CHANGE ALREADY)

30. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 YA rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. Y18 died. Y73 wounded. Y7 guards killed. YIt held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

31. Power of Paris Shopkeepers, trades-people, artisans 15 July 1789 – National Guard created out of the militia (Bastille) –Marquis de Lafayette is commander Paris would influence NCA’s ability to decide the future King visits Paris and recognizes NG and the power of the electors (all while wearing the new cockade)

32. The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen! Citizen!

33. The Tricolor is the Fashion!

34. The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge

35. Planting the Tree of Liberty 1790

36. Revolutionary Symbols Cockade Revolutionary Clock La Republic Liberté

37. Revolutionary Playing Cards

38. The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789) YRumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.

39. The Path of the “Great Fear”

40. How did the French Revolution Embody the Enlightenment? Science and rational thought led to desire for political reform –Progress in all fields, including government, was seen as possible and necessary –“Political science” could be based on natural laws. The economy could also be improved by reducing internal barriers

41. Phase I – The Age of Montesquieu In the Spirit of Laws (1735), Montesquieu called for a constitutional monarchy and liberal government –Advocated separation of powers between monarchy, nobility and representatives of the cities to replace the ancien regime The Declaration of the Rights of Man called for free expression, representative government, and equality before the law

42. Night Session of August 4, 1789 Y Before the night was over:  The feudal regime in France had been abolished.  All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices. Equality & Meritocracy! Equality & Meritocracy!

43. National Constituent Assembly 1789 - 1791 August Decrees August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!) Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité!

44. BUT..... Y Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property!] Y Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.  Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate. Their Goal Their Goal Safeguard the right of private property!!

45. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 VLiberty! VProperty! VResistance to oppression!

46. 83 Revolutionary Departments February 26, 1790

47. March of the Women, October 5-6, 1789 We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy! A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.

48. Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793) Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen (1791) VWomen played a vital role in the Revolution. VBut, The Declaration of the Rights of Man did NOT extend the rights and protections of citizenship to women.

49. The “October Days” (1789) The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace.

50. How to Finance the New Govt.? 1. Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.

51. 2. Print Assignats V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly. V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as security.

52. Depreciation of the Assignat V Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain privileges in the purchase of church land. V The state would retire the notes as the land was sold. V They began circulating as paper currency.  Government printed more  INFLATION [they lost 99% of their value ultimately].  Therefore, future governments paid off their creditors with cheap money.

53. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy The Civil Constitution of the Clergy July 12, 1790 Jurying vs. Non-Jurying [refractory] Clergy

54. New Relations Between Church & State V Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches. V The church was reorganized:  Parish priests  elected by the district assemblies.  Bishops  named by the department assemblies.  The pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy. VIt transformed France’s Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the state!! Pope Pius VI [1775-1799]

55. The Royal Family Attempts to Flee Y June, 1791 Y Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover]. Y Headed toward the Luxembourg border. Y The King was recognized at Varennes, near the border

56. The First Coalition & The Brunswick Manifesto (August 3, 1792) FRANCE 1792- 1797 AUSTRIA PRUSSIA BRITAIN SPAIN PIEDMONT Duke of Brunswick  if the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!! This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.

57. Sir Edmund Burke (1790): Reflections on the Revolution in France The conservative response to the French Revolution

58. Constitution of 1791

59. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government VThe king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].  He could not pass laws.  His ministers were responsible for their own actions. VA permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.  Had the power to grant taxation. VAn independent judiciary.

60. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government V“Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. “Passive” Citizen.  1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.  Domestic servants were also excluded. VA newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. GOAL  Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!

61. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

62. French Soldiers & the Tricolor: Vive Le Patrie! VThe French armies were ill-prepared for the conflict. V½ of the officer corps had emigrated. VMany men disserted. VNew recruits were enthusiastic, but ill-trained. VFrench troops often broke ranks and fled in disorder.