1. The French Revolution

2. Four Stages Moderate Stage (1789-92)
Radical and Bloody Stage ( )
Reactionary Stage ( )
Napoleonic Era ( )

3. Three Estates Voting Procedures- Each Estate gets one Vote-
Nobles and Church “nobles” typically ally with one another
Kings were not fond of the Estates General it was last called in 1614 (during Louis XIII reign) since they last were called to meet (remember how the English Kings stopped Parliament from meeting!!!)

4. Three Estates First Estate– “Noble” Clergy 0.1% of population
10% of land
No taxes – Gave 2% of their income to the government
Collected Tithe

5. Second Estate Second Estate– Nobility 1.9% of population
Owned 20% of land
No taxes
Highest offices in army,
government, and courts
of law
“Born” into wealth

6. Third Estate Made up of 3 groups – First Class Bourgeoisie
Strongly influenced by Enlightenment
Wealthy, self-made men with no say in gov’t.

7. Third Estate Third Estate– Second Class Sans Culottes
Middle Class with no say in gov’t.
Corvee- applied to both second and third groups (work as tax)

8. Third Estate Third Estate – Third Class Peasant Farmers
Made up 80% of population
Extremely poor
Paid 50% of taxes

9. Corvee-
Every year, the law required peasants to work without pay on a government road

10. Louis XVI was a weak ruler
Marie Antoinette, his wife, was unpopular b/c she was from an Austrian family
Louis was in debt because of the American Revolution
The nobles refused to pay taxes
Louis called a meeting of the estates in Versailles

11. Louis XVI is in Debt Reign started in 1774
Known as a weak and indecisive King
Spent money lavishly
France owed huge debts---Louie had to figure a way out of the debt, he wanted to tax the nobles----they had money and weren’t already severely taxed…but that didn’t work- Nobles demanded a meeting of the Estates General

12. Estates General to National Assembly
Estates General meets in 1789 for first time since 1614
Third Estate demands equality in voting process

13. The National Assembly took Power
The first and second estates expected to dominate the 3rd estate in 1789 as usual
Estates usually met separately and each had one vote
The 3rd estate demanded all estates meet together and have one vote
The king refused
The 3rd estate created the National Assembly

14. 3rd Estate- Rebels- leave the Estates General to create their own Government
Tennis Court Oath
Upset with their poor treatment in the Estates General the 3rd Estate led by Abbe Sieyes created a new government- the National Assembly
No more absolute King and no more Estates General----(maybe the Nobles should’ve just agreed to pay the tax!!!)
First act of Revolution

15. How does the creation of the National Assembly relate to the Enlightenment ideals we just studied?

16. Louis drops the ball– “Storming of the Bastille”
Bread prices now cost more than a day’s wages
The king tried to meet the demands of the 3rd Estate
He ordered Swiss guards to move toward Paris (he no longer trusted French military)
An angry mob turned on the Bastille Mobs storm the Bastille on July 14, 1789.
First violent Act of Revolution

17. Bread Riots

18. Storming the Bastille

20. The Great Fear Swept France
Rebellion spread all over France
Peasants banded together and demanded an end to high taxes and bread prices
They ransacked Versailles
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were forced to leave Versailles for good

21. The Assembly adopted many reforms
The assembly eliminated the privileges of the nobles
Passed the Rights of Man: “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”
A limited monarchy: the king was the executive, the national assembly was the legislative
A state run church: church lands given to govt. and church officials were to be elected by property owners – (peasants hate this)

22. DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
Assembly passes A FRENCH BILL OF RIGHTS
Right to
EQUAL JUSTICE
FREEDOM OF SPEECH
FREEDOM OF RELIGION
Today the universal
Declaration of Human
Rights traces its’ existence
to the French Revolution

23. Louis XVI tries to Escape
The king approved the constitution
He tries to escape to the Austrian Netherlands
He was recognized before reaching the border
He and his family are returned to Paris under guard
This influenced the radicals in the assembly and sealed Louis’ doom

24. Legislative Assembly Replaced National Assembly in 1791
Political Spectrum emerges
Right (Loyal to the King)
Left (Radicals) wanted change, a Republic!
Center (conservatives, agree with both sides)

25. LEFT v. RIGHT Members of the Legislative Assembly had different views
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
LEFT v. RIGHT
Members of the Legislative Assembly had different views
Radicals- Complete change- out with the old in with the new
Moderate- Some changes- but don’t change everything
In the Legislative Assembly
Radicals sat to the Left
Loyalists sat to the Right
Today- Radicals are known as Leftists and Conservatives are known as on the Right

26. Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94)
Execution of Louis XVI
Robespierre
Reign of Terror

27. France declares War on Austria, Prussia thereafter allies with Austria
READ ALL ABOUT - LATEST NEWS - 20 April 1792 PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA AT WAR WITH FRANCE!!!
Not happy about his sister’s situation, Marie Antoinette’s brother, Francis I of Austria threatens War with France
French Leftists see War as an opportunity to unite the country and spread the REVOLUTION
France declares War on Austria,
Prussia thereafter allies with Austria
French Conscription (the draft) begins- France will amass an Army of 800,000
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite

28. “LOUIE AND MARIE MEET THEIR DEMISE”
Earlier (1791) Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were discovered trying to flee France, under guard he was brought back
After Prussia and Austria go to war with France, a Mob attacked the Kings’ Paris Palace
Legislative Assembly (Government) officially got rid of Louis, later the National Convention ended the office of King
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite

29. Louis XVI is beheaded
1792, the mobs in the streets are ruling the country
Radical Group called the Jacobins emerges and leads the call for a Republic
The Monarchy is abolished
Louis XVI is tried for treason
and found guilty
Louis XVI is beheaded
by guillotine

30. The Guillotine Thousands die by the guillotine King and Queen
Priests resisting govt. control
Rivals of the Jacobins

31. France created a citizen army
The radicals eliminated the constitutional monarchy
Britain, Spain, Portugal, Austria, and Prussia formed a coalition
France drafted army of 800,000 men to meet this challenge in 1794
The French army was made up of citizens not mercenaries

32. The rise of Maximilien Robespierre

33. Robespierre Known as “the incorruptible”
Wanted to wipe all traces of the monarchy
Replaced the kings, queens, and jacks in decks of cards with liberty, equality, and fraternity.
He formed the Committee of Public Safety

34. Committee of Public Safety-Robespierre, Marat and Danton
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
Committee of Public Safety-Robespierre, Marat and Danton
Committee of Public Safety
-Created to watch over (spy) on people to MAKE SURE EVERYONE IS ACTING “PROPERLY”
Why so terrifying?
-MANY OF THOSE KILLED PREVIOUSLY SUPPORTED THE REVOLUTION
MONARCHS, NOBLES, CHURCH GOERS AND EVEN THE BOURGEOISIE ARE APPALLED AT THE REIGN OF TERROR
MARAT STABBED TO DEATH, DANTON ACCUSED BY THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY IS EXECUTED…

35. Reign of Terror A REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE RADICALS DEMAND COMPLETE CHANGE-
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
Reign of Terror
A REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE
RADICALS DEMAND COMPLETE CHANGE-
-NOBLES FRIGHTENED FOR THEIR LIVES ESCAPE FRANCE
-PRIESTS AND CLERGY ARE KILLED-
-MARIE ANTOINETTE KILLED
-CHURCHES CHANGED TO MUSEUMS
-A NEW CALENDAR!!!

36. The Terror
The Committee of Public Safety judged not just monarchists, but anyone not as radical as Robespierre
Anywhere from 3,000 to 40,000 people were killed
80% were from the Third Estate, whom the revolution had been started for

38. Reactionary Stage (1794-99) Robespierre is beheaded
The Directory is formed with right-wing beliefs, two legislative houses, and an executive branch of five members
A period of calm
A great General rules the French Army

39. Moderates Ruled in the Directory 1795
People were sick of the terror
The National Convention drafted another Constitution, the third since 1789
The Directory was 5 moderate men who ran France, they were corrupt, but people did not mind as much b/c the terror was over.

40. Question to Ponder:
What is the relationship between the political philosophes of the Enlightenment to the French Revolution?

41. NAPOLEON

42. OBSCURITY TO MASTERY
1796: Bonaparte appointed to lead the French army against Austria and Sardinia in Italy
swift victories; control of Italy and Switzerland
November 10, 1799
Coup d’etat
Constitution of the Year
Napoleon named 1st Consul

43. Napoleon becomes Emperor
At first Napoleon pretended to be the leader of a free republic
He then held a plebiscite.
The people voted to make Napoleon consul for life (1802)
In 1804 Napoleon crowned himself emperor

44. PLEBISCITE MAKES NAPOLEON EMPEROR

45. Policies Economic Order Social Order Religious Order
Slowed inflation/ People could afford bread
Set up a National Bank
Social Order
People promoted on merit not on blood-line
Religious Order
Napoleon signs Concordat (settlement) with Pope
Catholics favored in France, but not total dominance
Legal Order– Napoleonic Code

46. NAPOLEONIC CODE Gave France a single set of laws
Abolished the 3 estates of the old regime
Equality under the law
Limited liberty
censorship
women lost right to own property
slavery restored in French colonies
None of the laws applied to Napoleon!

47. Napoleon Battles to Dominate Europe
3rd Coalition: Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden, and Prussia
Led numerous battles from that almost led to French domination of Europe
Napoleon’s Empire included all of Western Europe and beyond
Despite great success on land, the loss of the naval battle of Trafalgar to British proves fateful

49. NAPOLEON’S SIBLINGS Joseph…King of Naples and Spain
Louis , King of Holland
Lucien, Prince of Canino

50. Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Continental System
Peninsular War
Russian Invasion

51. Continental System Blockade of British shipping and goods
Attempt to strengthen the continental countries of Europe
Britain responded with their own blockade
Continental System weakened the economies of continental Europe
Policy hurt Napoleon more than his enemies

52. Peninsular War– Spanish Guerillas
Napoleon attempted to make his brother King of Spain
Nationalism was on the rise throughout Europe due to Napoleon’s conquest of the continent
Spanish guerillas killed almost 300,000 French soldiers

53. Guerillas fight Napoleon in Spain

54. Russian Invasion
Russia refused to participate in the blockade of Britain
1812, Napoleon attacked Russia with 400,000
Majority of Army was not French, and had little loyalty to Napoleon
Scorched Earth Policy destroyed Napoleon’s army and left him with only 10,000 survivors
Napoleon retreats

55. Scorched Earth

56. December 1812

57. Grand Alliance
Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden joined forces
Napoleon was weak
Napoleon lost the Battle of Leipzig
He is exiled to the small island of Elba, but escapes to rally within 9 months

58. Waterloo

59. Final Defeat
Last attempt to retake France fails and he is exiled to St. Helena