1. The French Revolution

2. WHAT WAS SO IMPORTANT ABOUT THE FRENCH REVOLUTION? ITS MEANING THEN AND TODAY. ITS MEANING THEN AND TODAY. DID IT MEAN: DID IT MEAN: That the people of a country can create a better, fairer, more equal society? Or… That revolutions lead inevitably to new kinds of tyranny? Was there a new kind of “social contract” or model for nations…. If the old order of aristocrats and nobles was doomed…. Who was going to be in charge?

3. TIMELINE: Four Stages Moderate Stage (1789-92) Moderate Stage (1789-92) Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94) Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94) Reactionary Stage (1794-99) Reactionary Stage (1794-99) Napoleonic Era (1799-1815) Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)

4. Moderate Stage (1789-92) Three Estates– not happy Three Estates– not happy National Assembly National Assembly Storming of the Bastille Storming of the Bastille Great Fear Great Fear Declaration of the Rights of Man Declaration of the Rights of Man Limited Church Authority Limited Church Authority Legislative Assembly Legislative Assembly

5. Three Estates First Estate– Clergy First Estate– Clergy –0.1% of population –10% of land –No taxes –Many are members of Nobility –Collected Tithes

6. Three Estates Second Estate– Nobility Second Estate– Nobility –1.9% of population –Owned 20% of land –No taxes –Collected Feudal Dues –“Born” into wealth

7. Three Estates Third Estate– First Class Third Estate– First Class –Bourgeoisie  Strongly influenced by Enlightenment  Wealthy, self-made men with no say in gov’t.

8. Three Estates Third Estate– Second Class Third Estate– Second Class –Sans Culottes  Middle Class with no say in gov’t.

9. Three Estates Third Estate– Third Class Third Estate– Third Class –Peasant Farmers  Made up 80% of population  Extremely poor  Paid 50% of taxes

10. Louis XVI is Weak Wife, Marie Antoinette is Austrian and extravagant Wife, Marie Antoinette is Austrian and extravagant

11. Louis XVI is in Debt Louis XVI spent too much, including American Revolution Louis XVI spent too much, including American Revolution Needs to tax nobles to avoid bankruptcy Needs to tax nobles to avoid bankruptcy Calls Estates General Calls Estates General

12. Estates General

13. Estates General to National Assembly Estates General meets in 1789 for first time since 1614 Estates General meets in 1789 for first time since 1614 Third Estate demands equality in voting process and makes the National Assembly Third Estate demands equality in voting process and makes the National Assembly Tennis Court Oath– End to absolute monarchy and beginning of representative gov’t. Tennis Court Oath– End to absolute monarchy and beginning of representative gov’t.

14. Louis drops the ball– “Storming of the Bastille” Bread prices now cost more than a day’s wages Bread prices now cost more than a day’s wages Louis calls in the Swiss Army, causing great fear Louis calls in the Swiss Army, causing great fear Mobs storm the Bastille on July 14, 1789. Mobs storm the Bastille on July 14, 1789. First violent Act of Revolution First violent Act of Revolution

15. Bread Riots

16. Storming the Bastille

17. Great Fear Panic swept the country Panic swept the country Third Estate and the Nobles clash Third Estate and the Nobles clash Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are forced to leave Versailles Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are forced to leave Versailles

18. Declaration of the Rights of Man Men are Free and Equal Men are Free and Equal Freedom of Speech Freedom of Speech Freedom of Religion Freedom of Religion Equal Justice Equal Justice Government must preserve Natural Rights Government must preserve Natural Rights –Liberty, property, security

20. The Church Catholic church lost political independence and land Catholic church lost political independence and land Church officials to be elected by property owners Church officials to be elected by property owners Church official Paid as state officials Church official Paid as state officials Peasants VERY unhappy and many oppose further revolutionary acts Peasants VERY unhappy and many oppose further revolutionary acts

21. Legislative Assembly Replaced National Assembly in 1791 Replaced National Assembly in 1791 Political Spectrum emerges Political Spectrum emerges –Right (Loyal to the King) –Left (Radicals) –Center (conservatives, agree with both sides)

22. Radical and Bloody Stage (1793-94) Execution of Louis XVI Execution of Louis XVI Robespierre Robespierre Reign of Terror Reign of Terror

23. Louis XVI is beheaded  1792, the mobs in the streets are ruling the country  Radical Group called the Jacobins emerges and leads the call for a Republic  The Monarchy is abolished  Louis XVI is tried for treason and found guilty  Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are beheaded by guillotine

24. The Guillotine

25. The rise of Maximilien Robespierre  France was in chaos with both foreign enemies and domestic dissenters  Robespierre and Jacobin supporters wanted a Republic of Virtue, focused on reason/ science with no religion  1793 started Committee of Public Safety

26. The Terror  The Committee of Public Safety judged not just monarchists, but anyone not as radical as Robespierre  Anywhere from 3,000 to 40,000 people were killed  80% were from the Third Estate, whom the revolution had been started for

28. Reactionary Stage (1794-99) Robespierre is beheaded Robespierre is beheaded The Directory is formed with right-wing beliefs, two legislative houses, and an executive branch of five members The Directory is formed with right-wing beliefs, two legislative houses, and an executive branch of five members A period of calm A period of calm A great General rules the French Army A great General rules the French Army

29. REVIEW https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= wXsZbkt0yqo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= wXsZbkt0yqo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= wXsZbkt0yqo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= wXsZbkt0yqo

30. Napoleonic Era (1799-1815) Napoleon is voted emperor Napoleon is voted emperor France dominates Europe France dominates Europe Napoleon makes three poor decision that destroy his empire Napoleon makes three poor decision that destroy his empire

31. Napoleon

32. Napoleon– Great Emperor? Through great military success, he gained the support of the people Through great military success, he gained the support of the people 1804 French VOTE to make him Emperor for LIFE 1804 French VOTE to make him Emperor for LIFE Drafted successful policy Drafted successful policy Implemented the Napoleonic Code Implemented the Napoleonic Code Broadened France’s Power to almost all of Europe Broadened France’s Power to almost all of Europe But could it last? But could it last?

33. Policies and the Napoleonic Code Economic Order Economic Order Slowed inflation/ People could afford bread Slowed inflation/ People could afford bread Set up a National Bank Set up a National Bank Social Order Social Order People promoted on merit not on blood-line People promoted on merit not on blood-line Religious Order Religious Order Napoleon signs Concordat (settlement) with Pope Napoleon signs Concordat (settlement) with Pope Catholics favored in France, but not total dominance Catholics favored in France, but not total dominance Legal Order– Napoleonic Code Legal Order– Napoleonic Code

34. Napoleonic Code Napoleon’s favorite achievement Napoleon’s favorite achievement Laws made French citizens equal Laws made French citizens equal Abolished Three Estates Abolished Three Estates Did not apply to Napoleon Did not apply to Napoleon However, went against ideas of Enlightenment: However, went against ideas of Enlightenment: Allowed for Censorship by Napoleon Allowed for Censorship by Napoleon Removed women’s rights (won during Revolution) Removed women’s rights (won during Revolution) Restored slavery in French Colonies of Caribbean (abolished during Revolution) Restored slavery in French Colonies of Caribbean (abolished during Revolution) Did NOT apply to Napoleon Did NOT apply to Napoleon

35. Napoleon Battles to Dominate Europe Led numerous battles from 1805-1807 that almost led to French domination of Europe Led numerous battles from 1805-1807 that almost led to French domination of Europe Napoleon’s Empire included all of Western Europe and beyond Napoleon’s Empire included all of Western Europe and beyond Despite great success on land, the loss of the naval battle of Trafalgar to British proves fateful Despite great success on land, the loss of the naval battle of Trafalgar to British proves fateful

36. Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Continental System Continental System Peninsular War Peninsular War Russian Invasion Russian Invasion

37. Continental System Blockade of British shipping and goods Blockade of British shipping and goods Attempt to strengthen the continental countries of Europe Attempt to strengthen the continental countries of Europe Britain responded with their own blockade Britain responded with their own blockade Continental System weakened the economies of continental Europe Continental System weakened the economies of continental Europe Policy hurt Napoleon more than his enemies Policy hurt Napoleon more than his enemies

38. Peninsular War– Spanish Guerillas Napoleon attempted to make his brother King of Spain Napoleon attempted to make his brother King of Spain Nationalism was on the rise throughout Europe due to Napoleon’s conquest of the continent Nationalism was on the rise throughout Europe due to Napoleon’s conquest of the continent Spanish guerillas killed almost 300,000 French soldiers Spanish guerillas killed almost 300,000 French soldiers

39. Russian Invasion Russia refused to participate in the blockade of Britain Russia refused to participate in the blockade of Britain 1812, Napoleon attacked Russia with 400,000 1812, Napoleon attacked Russia with 400,000 Majority of Army was not French, and had little loyalty to Napoleon Majority of Army was not French, and had little loyalty to Napoleon Scorched Earth Policy destroyed Napoleon’s army and left him with only 10,000 survivors Scorched Earth Policy destroyed Napoleon’s army and left him with only 10,000 survivors Napoleon is defeated Napoleon is defeated