1. The French Revolution

2. Louis XV Ruled 1715-1774 Louis XVI Ruled 1774-1793 France: Politically, Socially: 1. The French Opulent Absolute Monarchs 2. French Aristocrats:

3. 3. Rise of a Middle Order: The Bourgeoisie 4. Sans-Culottes (urban merchants) 5. Peasants

4. France Economically, Militarily France’s Financial Crisis: Necessary Tax Reform

5. The French Revolutions Aristocratic Revolution Bourgeois Revolution Popular Revolution Radical Revolution

6. The Aristocratic Revolution: May 1789 Louis XVI forced (by aristocrats) to convene the Estates General Estates General: Last convened 1614 Three Estates: First Estate - The Clergy Second Estate - The Nobility Third Estate - The Commoners (95+%) Bourgeoisie (dominate the delegates) Sans-Culottes (urban merchants) Peasants

7. The Bourgeois Revolution: Third Estate’s demand of representation equal to the first Two Estates The Third Estate seceded June 17, 1789 Tennis Court Oath: Formation of the National Assembly

8. Popular Revolution: Sans-Culottes in Paris: Bad harvest - Food shortages Parisian Mob storms the Bastille - July 14, 1789 Development of National Guard Peasants: “The Great Fear” sweeps the countryside

9. The First Phase of the French Revolution, 1789-1792 All Three Estates Draft a New Constitution National Assembly August 4, 1789 Aristocrats renounce their privileges “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” - August 26, 1789 Preamble to a New Constitution Includes Enlightened Ideals

10. October 5, 1789 Women Protest Food Shortage Crowd (led by Women) from Paris to Versailles Royal Family returns to Paris with National Guard

11. The Constitution of 1791 Elections : Vote given to two-third of adult males (property requirements) System of Checks and Balances established Civil Administration reorganized Church Property confiscated Civil Constitution of the Clergy Produces a Constitutional Monarchy

12. The Revolution Radicalizes 1791-1792 Fear of Counter-Revolution: 1. Fear of Nobility: Fled to Prussia and Austria (Émigrés) Louis XVI attempts to leave Paris (June 1791) Louis XVI seeks aid from Leopold II (Austria)

13. 2. Fear of Foreign Intervention Declaration of Pillnitz National Assembly declares war on Austria - April 1792 Brunswick Manifesto 3. Fear of the Power of the Church Priests who refused to take Revolutionary Oath

14. Radical Revolution begins 1792 Jacobins seize control 1792 - Call for a Republic Hysteria - September Massacres (1792) Monarchy Abolished New Form of Government - National Convention (New Constitution Needed) Execution of Louis XVI: Jan. 20, 1793

15. The Revolution under “Siege”: Internationally: First Coalition, March 1793 Led by England Included Holland, Spain, Naples Domestically: Peasant Uprising in the Vendee 2500 killed in Lyon - Enemies of the State Economically: Deteriorating Economy

16. The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794 Executive Power: Committee of Public Safety Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) “Republic of Virtue” Reinforce ideology - Re-educate “Great Terror” -Summer 1794 France develops Great National Army through the Draft

17. Thermidorian Reaction of July, 1794 Execution of Robespierre: July 28, 1794 End of Terror Committee of Public Safety stripped of its powers Jacobin Clubs closed Revolution moderates

18. The Period of the Directory, 1795-1799 Moderate Constitution Deputies elected through Indirect election Executive Power - 5 Man Directory Council of Elders (over 40) Council of 500 Overthrown November 9, 1799 by Napoleon Bonaparte