1. Inbox: Make sure you have the following vocabulary words in your sourcebook: 1.Heliocentric 2.Geocentric 3.Scientific method 4.Hypothesis 5.Natural law 6.Social contract 7.Natural right 8.Philosophe 9.laissez faire 10.Censorship 11.Salon 12.Enlightened Despot 13.Baroque 14.Rococo 15.Constitutional government 16.Prime minister 17.Oligarchy 18.Popular sovereignty; 19.Loyalist; 20.Federal Republic

2. American Revolution (Redux) 1750: 13 prosperous colonies; Navigation Acts not enforced; religious and ethnic diversity 1763: End of 7 Years War; enforcement of Navigation Acts; colonies upset 1770/3: Boston Massacre; Boston Tea Party 1776: Colonies Declare Independence from England 1777: Battle of Saratoga; French Alliance (supplies, soldiers and naval support) 1781: British Surrender at Yorktown; Treaty of Paris 1787: USA writes Constitution in secret; Enlightenment ideas absorbed 1789: Constitution becomes law of the land; French Revolution begins

3. What was the Scientific Revolution? Period in which scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe Scientific Method: uses observation, generalization and experimentation to explain how the universe works.

4. Heliocentric or Geocentric? One of the first targets of the Sci. Rev. was the location of the earth. The church believed/taught that the Earth was the center of the solar system (geocentric). Copernicus  Brahe  Kepler  Galileo believed and proved the sun was in the center (heliocentric) Copernicus and Galileo condemned by the church because it went against church teaching

5. Other Scientists Isaac Newton: gravity; optics; calculus Boyle: experiments on gases (Chemistry) Vesalius: human anatomy (Medicine) Pare: medicine to fight infection (Medicine) Harvey: circulatory system (Medicine) Leeuwenhoek: microscope (Biology)

6. What was the Enlightenment? It was a period during the 18th century (1700s) of Western Europe that stressed the importance of reason and science in philosophy and the study of human society.

7. Enlightenment Thinkers Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) man naturally greedy, selfish cruel (state of nature) absolute government social contract John Locke: (Two Treaties on Government) natural rights (life, liberty, property) purpose of government to protect rights revolution when government fails at protection

8. Enlightenment Thinkers Voltaire freedom of speech = best weapon against bad government Criticized corruption of the French government & intolerance of the Catholic Church. Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws) government should divide itself according to its powers: Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branches.

9. Enlightenment Thinkers Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations) “Laissez-Faire”; free markets; economy would run best if there was no interference from the government Rousseau: (Social Contract) people are naturally good, evils of society corrupt minimal controls necessary for society; freely elected government; belief in the goodness of “general will” of the people Wollstonecraft  equal education for women

10. How did Europe react to the Enlightenment? Europeans believed in divine right, class systems and the importance of heaven Government and churches tried to censor ideas and information; burned and banned but Salons spread Enlightenment ideas Enlightened Despots: Absolute rulers who bring about some positive changes (Frederick the Great; Katherine the Great; Joseph II Art: Baroque/Rococo; Music: Bach/Motzart Majority of European still peasant farmers!

11. Why did England rise to power in the 1700s? Geography: sea-going tradition; territorial possessions in key areas Military: strongest navy; key defeats of Spain and France Economy: prosperous trade; fewer restrictions on foreign goods Government: constitutional in nature (Parliament  Cabinet  Prime Minister); rising democratic tradition

12. Why did the American Colonies rebel? England had neglected colonies for several years due to extreme distance After the French and Indian War, England raised taxes and began stricter enforcement of laws Americans were angered by taxes and inspired by Enlightenment ideas (Natural Rights, Separation of Powers). USA founded as Federal republic; experiment in “applied enlightenment”