1. Revolutions in Europe and Latin America (1790-1848)
Chapter 20

2. Aim
Students will be able to define and explain the different ideologies of Conservative and Liberal.

3. Congress of Vienna
At the Congress of Vienna, the powers of Europe tried to uproot the “revolutionary seed”
Clash of people with opposing ideologies
Ideologies- systems of thought and belief

4. Conservative vs. Liberal

5. Conservatives Prefer the Old Order
Congress of Vienna was a victory for conservative forces
Conservatives agreed to work together in an agreement to call the Concert of Europe- to support the political and social order that had existed before Napoleon and the French Revolution
Conservative ideas appealed to peasants
Want to return to the way things were before 1789

6. Conservatives Prefer the Old Order
Wanted to restore royal families to the thrones they had lost when Napoleon swept across Europe
Supported a social hierarchy where lower classes respected and obeyed their social superiors
Backed an established church: Catholic in Austria and southern Europe; Protestant in northern Europe; and Eastern Orthodox in eastern Europe

7. Conservatives Prefer the Old Order
If change had to occur, it must come slowly
Defended peace and stability

8. Liberals and Nationalists Seek Change
Inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution
Liberalism and nationalism ignited a number of revolts against established rule
Liberals spoke mostly for the middle class and bourgeoisie
Liberals included business owners, bankers, and lawyers, as well as politicians, newspaper editors, writers, and others.

9. Liberals Promise Freedom
Liberals wanted governments to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers
Spoke out against divine-right monarchy, the old aristocracy, and the establishment of churches
Defended the natural rights of individuals to liberty, equality, and property
Favored a republican form of government over a monarchy

10. Liberals Promise Freedom
Saw the role of government as limited to protecting basic rights such a freedom of thought, speech, and religion
Believed only male property owners
Later: universal manhood suffrage- giving all adult men the right to vote
Strongly supported laissez-faire economics

11. Nationalists Strive for Unity
By Europe had several empires that included many nationalities
Examples: Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empire had diverse people.

12. Nationalism in Europe
In the 1800s, there were groups who shared a common heritage and they wanted their own states.
Austria- example- had several diverse groups- each wanting their own homeland.
Nationalism gave people with a common heritage a sense of identity and the ultimate goal was creating their own homeland

13. Revolutionaries against Old Order
Rebellions erupted in the Balkan Peninsula
Balkans- filled with various religions and ethnic groups

14. Serbia Seeks Independence
leader named Karageorge
Guerilla war against Ottomans
1815- Milos Obrenovic- led Serbians to a successful rebellion
Serbia won autonomy (self-rule)

16. Greece Against Ottoman Rule
1821- Greeks wanted to get out of Ottoman Rule
Greeks were divided but all wanted to end Ottoman rule
Had support by Lord Byron- fought for Greek independence
By Greece was independent

17. Other European Lands
Revolts occur in Europe- Spain, Portugal, and Italian states
All want a constitutional government

18. Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

19. Congress of Vienna
In France, Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne.
Louis XVIII issued a constitution and created a two- house legislature
Allowed limited freedom of the press

20. Successor to Louis XVIII
When Louis XVIII died, Charles X inherited the throne
He suspended the legislature
Limited the right to vote
Restricted the press
Liberals and radicals were upset with the change

21. The “Citizen King” Charles X abdicated
Louis Philippe was chosen by moderate liberals- also cousin to Charles X
Louis Philippe got along with bourgeoisie
Went around meeting people and interacting with citizens
Extended suffrage to wealthier class

22. Belgium Wins Independence
Congress of Vienna wanted to create a strong barrier to prevent France from expanding in the future
Belgium combined Dutch and Belgians
Belgians were catholic and their economy was based on manufacturing
Dutch were protestant and their economy was based on trade
By Belgium was independent

23. Poland Late 1700s- Russia, Austria, and Prussia divided Poland
Wanted to be reunited

24. French Revolt Again Discontent Recession Poor harvest
February Days- Government tried to silence critics, demonstrators were killed.
June Days- shut down of national workshops, rioting of peasant workers. Middle class both feared and distrusted the socialists while the working class harbored hatred for bourgeoisie

25. Napoleon III
Presented himself as a man who cared about social issues like poverty
Had 90% of the votes

26. Rebellion in Germany
Potato famine brought peasants and workers into a struggle
Forced King Frederick William IV to agree to a constitution
Prussia offered the crown of a united Germany

27. Section 3: Revolts in Latin America

28. Discontent
By 1700s- revolutionary fever swept Western Europe and impacted Latin America

29. Peninsulares- Spanish born
Peninsulares- Spanish born. Could only hold top jobs in gov’t and church
Creoles- European-descended Latina Americans owned haciendas
Mestizos- Native American and European descent
Mulattoes- African and European descent

30. Enlightenment Inspires Latin America
1700s- educated creoles read the works of Enlightenment thinkers
Saw how well the Enlightenment worked and its impact on the French Revolution
Simon Bolivar- creole- liked the ideas of “liberty, equality, and fraternity.”

31. Causes of Latin American Revolutions
Enlightenment Ideas  writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.
Inspiration of American and French Revolutions.
Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting the Napoleonic Wars.

32. Napoleon and Spain
Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 so he could put his brother on the throne
Latin American leaders saw Spain’s weakness as an opportunity to reject foreign domination

34. Haiti French-ruled colony of Hispaniola Known for sugar plantations
Sugar plantations were employed by Africans

35. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Slaves were revolting
Needed a skillful leader- Toussaint L’Ouverture
He was a self-educated former slave
Slave revolutions goal: abolish slavery!
This revolution took more lies than any other revolution in the Americas.

36. Haiti and Independence
1802- Napoleon sent army to take over the former French colony
Toussaint fought against Napoleon for the independence of Haiti
The French captured Toussaint
1803- Yellow Fever destroyed the French army
By Haiti became a republic

37. Mexico and Central America Revolt
1810- Creole priest of Mexico, Father Miguel Hidalgo, fought for freedom
Famous speech- “el Grito de Dolores” – the cry of Dolores- called for Mexicans to fight for independence.
One year after the “Grito” Hidalgo was captured and executed

38. Jose Morelos continued the Mexican fight for freedom
Father Jose Morelos was a mestizo who called for wide- ranging social and political reform
He wanted to improve conditions for the majority of Mexicans, abolish slavery, and give the vote to all men

39. Mexico Wins Independence
1820- Agustin de Iturbide- brought Mexico to independence
He was basked by creoles, mestizos, and Native Americans
He then took the title Emperor Agustin I
Set up the Republic of Mexico

40. Simon Bolivar and Latin America
Bolivar admired the French and American Revolutions
Dreamed of winning their own independence from Spain
Bolivar was from Venezuela
He dealt with civil war in Venezuela
Bolivar was exiled twice from Venezuela to Haiti

41. Simon Bolivar and Latin America
Bolivar takes his army against Spain
Surprised the Spanish in an attack in 1819
1821- Bolivar succeeded in freeing Venezuela
Bolivar is now known as the “Liberator”
Took over Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

42. Jose de San Martin Creole
Born in Argentina but went to Europe for military training
1816- was the General that was to help Argentina achieve freedom from Spain
Army went from Argentina and Chile
Defeated Spanish in Chile and Peru

44. Freedom in Latin America
Wars of independence ended in 1824
Bolivar wanted to unite his land into one nation- Gram Colombia
Gran Colombia- Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador

45. Brazil and Independence
When Napoleon conquered Portugal, the Portuguese family fled to Brazil
When the king returned to Portugal, he left his son, Dom Pedro to rule Brazil
Dom Pedro accepted a constitution that provided freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and an elected legislature