2. parasitology Medical Parasites : - Protozoa 1- Platyhelminthes - Helminthes: 2- Nemathelminthes - Arthropoda 3- Nematomorpha 4- Acanthocephala 5- Annelida

3. WHO Classified of Helminthes According to transmission methods 1- Soil transmitted Helminthes : Asc aris, Hook worms 2- Snail t. H. : Trematoda( Schistosoma,….) 3- Arthropods t. H. : Filaria, Dracanculus medinensis 4- Food and Meat t. H. : Taenia saginata, Taenia solium 5- Direct t. H. ( contagious H.): Enterobius vermicularis,…

4. Nematoda General Discription Morphology

5. Reproductive system

6. Digestive system Bucal cavity

7. Classification of Nematoda Nematoda: 1- Phasmidia (Secerenentea) 2- Aphasmida (Adenophora): ويژگيهاي آفازميدا : - تحليل يافقدان پاپي هاي دمي -- سيستم دفعي - ترشحي فاقد كانالهاي جانبي - مري سيلندري شكل واجد استيكوزوم يا تروفوزوم - تخمهاي بد ون سگمانته با پلاكهاي قطبي - لارو مرحله L1 عفونتزا و اغلب واجد Stylet - فاقد فاسميد

8. Order: Enoplida 1- Super Family: Trichoridea Genus: - Trichuris - Trichinella - Capillaria - Anatrichosoma 2- Super Family: - Dioctophymatoidea Genus: - Dioctophyma 3- Super Family: - Mermithoidea

9. ويژگيهاي Super Family: Trichroidea -جنس نر وماده مجزا -قسمت قدامي ظريف و قسمت خلفي پهن -كرم نر واجد 1 اسپيكول يا فاقد آن - ماده مونودلفيك -مري واجد استيكوزوم - روه وركتوم بخوبي تكامل يافته

10. Trichuris trichiura ( also called the human whipworm)

11. Life Cycle

13. Geographic Distribution The third most common round worm of humans. Worldwide, with infections more frequent in areas with tropical weather and poor sanitation practices, and among children. It is estimated that 800 million people are infected worldwide.

14. Clinical Features Most frequently asymptomatic. Heavy infections, especially in small children, can cause gastrointestinal problems (abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal prolapse) and possibly growth retardation

15. Whipworm in the gut Whipworm in the gut

16. Prolapsed Rectum

18. Laboratory diagnosis Microscopic identification of whipworm eggs in feces is evidence of infection.

19. Treatment Mebendazole is the drug of choice, with albendazole as an alternative

20. Causal Agents: Trichinellosis (trichinosis) is caused by nematodes (roundworms) of the genus Trichinella. In addition to the classical agent T. spiralis (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals), several other species of Trichinella are now recognized.

21. Trichinella spp. 1- T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds) worldwide), 2- T. nativa (Arctic bears) 3- T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers) 4- T. britovi )carnivores of Europe and western Asia).

23. Trichinella-adult

24. Trichinella nativa

25. Life cycle

27. Geographic Distribution Worldwide. Most common in parts of Europe and the United States.

28. Clinical Features Light infections may be asymptomatic. Intestinal invasion can be accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting). Larval migration into muscle tissues (one week after infection) can cause periorbital and facial edema, conjunctivitis, fever, myalgias, splinter hemorrhages, rashes, and blood eosinophilia. Occasional life-threatening manifestations include myocarditis, central nervous system involvement, and pneumonitis. Larval encystment in the muscles causes myalgia and weakness, followed by subsidence of symptoms.

29. Splinter hemorrhages Swollen eyes

30. A, B: Encysted larvae of Trichinella in pressed muscle tissue sample. The coiled larvae can be seen inside the cysts BA

31. Trichinella spiralis encysted larva

32. C, D: Larvae of Trichinella, freed from their cysts, typically coiled; length: 0.8 to 1 mm. C, D: Larvae of Trichinella, freed from their cysts, typically coiled; length: 0.8 to 1 mm. DC

33. Antibody Detection Immunodiagnostic tests currently available in the U.S. include enzyme immunoassays (EIA). Antigen preparations may be crude antigens prepared from homogenates of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae or excretory-secretory (ES) products produced by cultured larvae.

34. Laboratory Diagnosis The suspicion of trichinellosis (trichinosis), based on clinical symptoms and eosinophilia, can be confirmed by specific diagnostic tests, including antibody detection, muscle biopsy, and microscopy.

35. Trichuris trichiura ( also called the human whipworm)

36. Life Cycle

37. Capillaria spp. Causal Agents: The nematode (roundworm) Capillaria philippinensis causes human intestinal capillariasis. Two other Capillaria species parasitize animals, with rare reported instances of human infections. They are C. hepatica, which causes in humans hepatic capillariasis, and C. aerophila, which causes in humans pulmonary capillariasis.

38. The adults of Capillaria philippinensis (males: 2.3 to 3.2 mm; females: 2.5 to 4.3 mm ) Larvae of Capillaria philippinensis

39. Capillaria philippinensis egg under light microscopy. Roll over the image for a view of unembryonated C. philippinensis eggs inside an adult female.

40. Life Cycle

41. Geographic Distribution Capillaria philippinensis is endemic in the Philippines and also occurs in Thailand. Rare cases have been reported from other Asian countries, the Middle East, and Colombia. Rare cases of human infections with C. hepatica and C. aerophila have been reported worldwide.

42. Capillaria aerophila adult worms reside in the epithelium of the tracheo-bronchial tract of various animals. Eggs are produced, coughed up, swallowed by the animal, and excreted in its feces. The eggs become embryonated in the soil. Ingestion of infective eggs completes the cycle. Transport or paratenic hosts may also intervene in the cycle.

43. Capillaria hepatica adult worms reside in the liver of various animals, especially rats. The females produce eggs that are retained in the liver parenchyma. When the infected animal is eaten by another animal, the eggs are released by digestion, excreted in the feces of the second animal, and become embryonated in the soil. Alternately, the eggs can be released following the death and decomposition of the first animal, and mature in the soil. Following ingestion by a subsequent host, these infective eggs release larvae in the intestine that migrate through the portal circulation to the liver, where they develop into adults.

45. Capillaria hepatica eggs Capillaria hepatica eggs in tissue. The egg in D (higher magnification) has a typically striated shell and shallow polar prominences

46. Capillaria hepatica eggs in liverCapillaria hepatica eggs in liver tissue Capillaria hepatica eggs in liver

48. Clinical Features Intestinal capillariasis (caused by C. philippinensis) manifests as abdominal pain and diarrhea, which, if untreated, may become severe because of autoinfection. A protein-losing enteropathy can develop which may result in cachexia and death. Hepatic capillariasis (C. hepatica) manifests as an acute or subacute hepatitis with eosinophilia, with possible dissemination to other organs. It may be fatal. Pulmonary capillariasis(C. aerophila) may present with fever, cough, asthma, and pneumonia, and also may be fatal.

49. Laboratory Diagnosis The specific diagnosis of C. philippinensis is established by finding eggs, larvae and/or adult worms in the stool, or in intestinal biopsies. Unembryonated eggs are the typical stage found in the feces. In severe infections, embryonated eggs, larvae, and even adult worms can be found in the feces. The specific diagnosis of C. hepatica infection is based on demonstrating the adult worms and/or eggs in liver tissue at biopsy or necropsy. (Note: identification of C. hepatica eggs in the stool is a spurious finding, which does not result from infection of the human host, but from ingestion by that host of livers from infected animals.) The specific diagnosis of C. aerophila is based on demonstrating eggs in stool or in lung biopsy

50. Microscopy Capillaria philippinensis eggs. These unembryonated eggs are peanut shaped and measure 36 to 45 µ m in length by 21 µ m in width. They have two inconspicuous polar "plugs" and a striated shell.

51. Dioctophyma renale Commonly called the giant kidney worm, Dioctophyma renale has been found most frequently in mustelids and in wild and domestic carnivores in practically all parts of the world. Infrequent occurrences of the parasite have been recorded in pigs, horses, cattle and man

52. Adult worm showing enormous size Adult worm showing enormous size Length 20 to 100 cm

53. Drawing showing characterics of a male's fleshy bursa Drawing showing characterics of a male's fleshy bursa

54. Dioctophyma renale egg

55. Habitat Dioctophyma renale has a wide range of mammalian host species, such as dog, wolf, cheetah, mink, horse, swine and humans.mammaliandog, wolfcheetahminkhorseswine humans Fish-eating mammals are the most common hosts of D. renale because fish often serve as paratenic hosts after ingesting an infected annelid intermediate.annelid Any mammal that drinks water infested with infected annelid intermediate hosts, such as horses, has the potential of ingesting an infective third stage juvenile of D. renale.

56. Annelida segmented worms

57. Reproduction

59. Pathogenesis & clinical manifestation Most hosts of D. renale, including humans, suffer from pressure necrosis caused by growing worms and their feeding activities. This reduces the infected kidney to a thin- walled, ineffective organ. Loss of kidney function and uremic poisoning are severe side effects.

60. Treatment Treatment is limited to surgical removal of the parasite and the affected kidney.

63. Photography of canine dioctophymosis