1. Extending UML to Support Ontology Engineering Kenneth Baclawski and Mieczylaw K. Kokar Northeastern University Paul A. Kogut, William S. Holmes III and Michael L. Aronson Lockheed Martin Management and Data Systems Lewis Hart -- GRC International Jeffrey Smith -- Mercury Computer Jerzy Letkowski -- Western New England College

2. Knowledge Representation (KR) §Data representation language for knowledge-based systems §Usually based on logic or networks (directed graphs) §Usually do not rigidly separate meta levels §Enables reasoning and semantic interoperability of agents at run-time §Assumes an open rather than closed world.

3. Example of a KR Person Company Vehicle Berizon Rover George Ford 243 Toyota 853 type isOwned owns Dog

4. Ontology §Formal, declarative semantic model §Data (instances) conforming to an ontology are called annotations. §An ontology may include: l Vocabulary terms l Taxonomies l Relations l Constraints, rules and assertions

5. Example Ontology Class ObjectProperty Dog Company Vehicle Restriction isOwned OwnedByAtMostOne 1 type maxCardinality onProperty subClassOf Berizon type Ford 243 Toyota 853 type subClassOf Person type

6. UML as an ontology language §UML class diagrams can define ontologies. §Constraints such as cardinality constraints can be mapped to UML constructs or to OCL. §Statecharts and Activity Diagrams are useful for service and process related ontologies. §See “UML for Ontology Development” to appear in Knowledge Engineering Review

7. Example Ontology in UML

8. Advantages of UML for ontology §Leverages UML tools and experience in ontology development. §Provides profiles, packages and other modularity mechanisms currently lacking in knowledge-based systems. §Supports an established mechanism for specifying the behavior associated with knowledge representations.

9. Limitations of UML §Does not (yet) have a formal semantics. §Not Web enabled. §Does not support properties (associations) as first-class model elements.

10. RDF and DAML §The Resource Description Framework (RDF) and DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) have been proposed as the basis for the “Semantic Web.” §DAML supports semantic interoperability between Web pages, databases, programs and sensors by autonomous agents at run- time.

11. Mapping UML to DAML

12. Example ontology in DAML 1

13. First-Class Properties §In KR languages, properties are first-class model elements: they can be defined independently of any associated classes. §UML associations must be defined in the context of the associated classes. §KR properties allow one to define aspects of the ontology that cut across the boundaries of classes.

14. Why not reify? §Why not model KR properties as classes? §It produces complex, unnatural ontologies. §It puts the burden on the ontology developer to reconcile this limitation of UML. §The resulting mapping from UML to DAML is unbounded (i.e., does not stabilize when applied repeatedly).

15. MOF Specification of proposal

16. Property Semantics in OCL §A property is a grouping of Association Ends. §Properties cross-cut Associations: no property may have more than one Association End of an Association. allConnections: Set(AssociationEnd); allPropConnections: Set(Property); self.allConnections->intersection(self.allPropConnections:Set(T)):Set(T); size(#T)<=1

17. Conclusion §UML is a viable language for specifying ontologies and knowledge representations. §We propose a modest extension of UML to make it more compatible with knowledge- based systems by supporting first-class properties.

18. Example of a KR TreeNode Company Vehicle Berizon Node1 Node2 Ford 243 Toyota 853 type isOwned

19. Example Ontology Class ObjectProperty TreeNode Company Vehicle Restriction isOwned OwnedByAtMostOne 1 type maxCardinality onProperty subClassOf Berizon type Ford 243 Toyota 853 type subClassOf

20. Example Ontology in UML

21. Example ontology in DAML 1