2. Chapter: The Nonliving Environment
Table of Contents
Chapter: The Nonliving
Environment
Section 1: Abiotic Factors
Section 2: Cycles in Nature
Section 3: Energy Flow

3. Environmental Factors
Abiotic Factors 1
Environmental Factors
Biotic factors - features of the environment that are alive, or were once alive
Abiotic factors - nonliving, physical features of the environment

4. Air 1 Atmosphere - air that surrounds Earth 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen
Abiotic Factors 1
Air
Atmosphere - air that surrounds Earth
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen

5. Air 1 CO2 - required for photosynthesis. Oxygen released
Abiotic Factors 1
Air
CO2 - required for photosynthesis.
Oxygen released

6. Abiotic Factors 1
Respiration - cells use oxygen to release the chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

7. Water 1 Organisms - 50 to 95% H2O More H2O = More diversity
Abiotic Factors 1
Water
Organisms - 50 to 95% H2O
More H2O = More diversity

8. Abiotic Factors 1
Soil
Soil - mixture of mineral and rock particles, the remains of dead organisms, water, and air

9. Soil 1 Humus - decaying matter Abiotic Factors
Click image to view movie.

10. Sunlight - energy source
Abiotic Factors 1
Sunlight - energy source
Energy - passed to consumers when they eat producers or other consumers.

11. Temperature 1 Body temperature - 0°C to 50°C to survive
Abiotic Factors 1
Temperature
Body temperature - 0°C to 50°C to survive

12. Abiotic Factors 1
Temperature
More Sun = Higher Temperature

13. Abiotic Factors 1

14. Abiotic Factors 1

15. Climate - an area’s average weather conditions over time
Abiotic Factors 1
Climate - an area’s average weather conditions over time

16. Abiotic Factors 1
Wind

17. Abiotic Factors 1
The Rain Shadow Effect

18. Question 1 1 Which is an abiotic factor? A. insects B. plants C. trees
Section Check 1
Question 1
Which is an abiotic factor?
A. insects
B. plants
C. trees
D. water

19. Section Check 1
Answer
The answer is D. Non-living, physical features of the environment are abiotic.

20. Section Check 1
Question 2
_______ and _______ are the two most important components of climate for the majority of living things.
Answer
The answer is temperature and precipitation. The average temperature and rainfall in an area influence the type of life found there.

21. Section Check 1
Question 3
Which best describes this illustration?

22. 1 A. the greenhouse effect B. the nitrogen cycle C. the rain shadow
Section Check 1
A. the greenhouse
effect
B. the nitrogen
cycle
C. the rain shadow
D. the water cycle

23. Section Check 1
Answer
The answer is C. As wind blows toward one side of the mountain, air is forced upward by the mountain’s shape. The air cools and releases its moisture as rain or snow, losing most of its moisture before reaching the other side of the mountain.

24. The Cycles of Matter 2 Biosphere - fixed amount of Water Carbon
Cycles in Nature 2
The Cycles of Matter
Biosphere - fixed amount of
Water
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Constant supply of light

25. The Water Cycle 2 Evaporation - liquid water changes into water vapor
Cycles in Nature 2
The Water Cycle
Evaporation - liquid water changes into water vapor

26. Cycles in Nature 2
The Water Cycle
Transpiration - water vapor enters the atmosphere from plant leaves

27. Condensation - changing a gas to a liquid
Cycles in Nature 2
Condensation - changing a gas to a liquid

28. Water cycle - surface  atmosphere  surface
Cycles in Nature 2
Water cycle - surface  atmosphere  surface

29. Cycles in Nature 2

30. Nitrogen cycle – atmosphere  soil  organisms  atmosphere
Cycles in Nature 2
Nitrogen cycle – atmosphere  soil  organisms  atmosphere
Nitrogen - necessary ingredient of proteins
Cannot be used directly from air
Nitrogen fixation - soil bacteria forming useable nitrogen compounds
When things die, nitrogen returns to the soil or to the atmosphere.

31. Cycles in Nature 2
The Nitrogen Cycle

32. Cycles in Nature 2
Soil Nitrogen

33. Cycles in Nature 2
Carbon cycle carbon molecules move between the living and nonliving world.

34. The Carbon Cycle 2 CO2 removed from the air during photosynthesis.
Cycles in Nature 2
The Carbon Cycle
CO2 removed from the air during photosynthesis.
Respiration uses oxygen and releases CO2.
Photosynthesis uses CO2 and releases oxygen.

35. Question 1 2 Which letter corresponds with condensation? A. A B. B
Section Check 2
Question 1
Which letter corresponds with condensation?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

36. Section Check 2
Answer
The answer is C. Condensation is the process of changing from a gas to a liquid.

37. Section Check 2
Question 2
_______ is the process by which certain soil bacteria transform nitrogen into the usable nitrogen compounds plants need.
A. nitrogen cycle
B. nitrogen elimination
C. nitrogen fixation
D. nitrogenation

38. Section Check 2
Answer
The answer is C. The nitrogen cycle is the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere.

39. Section Check 2
Question 3
Which is NOT a means of replacing nitrogen compounds in soil?
A. animal manure
B. compost
C. fertilizers
D. planting crops such as corn or wheat

40. Section Check 2
Answer
The answer is D. When crops such as wheat and corn are planted, most of the plant is removed when it is harvested. The plants are not left in the field to decay and return their nitrogen compounds to the soil.

41. Converting Energy 3 Matter - recycled Energy - NOT recycled
Energy Flow 3
Converting Energy
Matter - recycled
Energy - NOT recycled
converted from one form to another
Photosynthesis - light energy converted into chemical energy

42. Energy Flow 3
Chemosynthesis - production of energy-rich nutrient molecules from chemicals

43. Energy Flow 3
Food Chains
Food chain - shows how matter and energy pass from one organism to another

44. made up of many different food chains
Energy Flow 3
Food web – shows feeding relationships among the organisms in a community
made up of many different food chains

45. Energy Flow 3
Energy Pyramids
Available energy - reduced as you move from one level to the next in a food chain
Energy used for: respiration, digestion, life processes (most given off as heat)

46. Energy Flow 3

47. Available Energy 3 Energy pyramid - shows the amount of
Energy Flow 3
Available Energy
Energy pyramid - shows the amount of
energy available at each feeding level in an ecosystem.
About 10% of the energy available at each feeding level is transferred to next level

48. Question 1 Answer 3 All living things are made of _______.
Section Check 3
Question 1
All living things are made of _______.
Answer
The answer is matter. Matter can be recycled over and over again.

49. Section Check 3
Question 2
The production of energy-rich nutrient molecules from chemicals is called _______.
Answer
The answer is chemosynthesis. Consumers living in hydrothermal vent communities rely on chemosynthetic bacteria for nutrients and energy.

50. Section Check 3
Question 3
Which best describes the level of the energy pyramid with the least
energy?
A. bottom level
B. herbivores
C. producers
D. top level

51. Section Check 3
Answer
The answer is D. As you move up the pyramid, the transfer of energy is less efficient and each level becomes smaller. Carnivores are at the top level of the pyramid.

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53. End of Chapter Summary File