1. Cranial nerves
Nervi craniales

2. Cranial nerves
12 pairs
Emerging from the brain stem (except CN I and CN II), where they have their nuclei (somatomotor, somatosensitive, sensoric, parasympathic)
Outside brain - ganglias (sensitive, parasympathetic)
Sympathetic fibres join along the course, from plexuses following the blood vessels

3. Cranial nerves CN I – n. olfactorius - sensoric
CN II – n. opticus - sensoric
CN III – n. oculomotorius - motor + PS
CN IV – n. trochlearis - motor
CN V – n. trigeminus – sensitive + motor
CN VI – n. abducens - motor
CN VII – n. facialis – motor + PS
CN VIII – n. vestibulocochlearis - sensoric
CN IX – n. glossopharyngeus – PS + sens + motor + senz
CN X – n. vagus – PS + motor + sensitive + sensoric
CN XI – n. accessorius - motor
CN XII – n. hypoglossus – motor

4. Cranial nerves origin in the brain stem

8. General scheme for CN studying
number, Latin and English term
developmental type of CN
nuclei + their location
transmitted modalities
where CN submerge into skull
course of CN + topography
branches
overview of supplied area
clinical examination, reflexes
palsy / iritation

9. I – n. olfactorius Olfactory nerve
Rather bundle of nerve fibres, than a nerve
Pure sensoric nerve
Bipolar neurons
Ability to regenerate
N. terminalis, n. vomeronasalis - rudiments

10. Olfactory tract
Fila olfactoria, bulbus – interconnection, tractus, trigonum, stria olfactoria (med. + lat.), brain areas
Disorders: anosmia, parosmia, kakosmia

13. II – n. opticus Optic nerve Diencephalon pouch
Consist of axons of the 3rd nerves of the optic tract
Covers: vagina externa + interna (from meninges)
A.+ V. centralis retinae
Pars intraocularis
Pars orbitalis
Pars canalis optici
Pars intracranialis

16. Optic tract N. opticus –> chiasma opticum –> tractus opticus
Disorders: amaurosis, hemianopsia, scotom

17. Nerves for the eye movement

18. External muscles of the eye-ball
4 recti (superior, inferior, lateralis, medialis)
2 oliqui (superior + inferior)
m. levator palpebrae superioris
smooth muscles: m. orbitalis, mm. tarsales

20. Nerves for the eye movement
CN III, IV and VI for 7 muscles
CN IV and VI pure somatomotor functions
CN III – somatomotor + PS functions

21. III - n. oculomotorius Oculomotor nerve
nc. oculomotorius (somatomotor)
nc. Edinger-Westphal (PS)
Ramus superior + inferior (r. communicans ad ggl. ciliare)
Palsy: diplopia, divergent strabismus, ptosis, mydriasis
Innervates:
m. rectus superior
m. rectus medialis
m. rectus inferior
m. obliquus inferior
m. levator palpebrae sup.

22. ggl. ciliare
Ciliary ganglion

23. m. sphincter pupilae
m. dilatator pupilae
m. ciliaris

24. IV - n. trochlearis Trochlear nerve, pure somatomotor
Innervates m. obliquus superior
Nucleus trochlearis
Only one which emerges from the brain stem dorsally
sinus cavernosus, fissura orbitalis superior, ATC Zinni
Palsy: diplopia when looking down and laterally (downstairs)

25. IV - n. abducens Abducens nerve, pure motor (nc. abducens)
Innervates m. rectus lateralis
Dorello´s canal, sinus cavernosus, fissura orbitalis superior, ATC Zinni
Palsy: diplopia, convergent strabism

26. Nerves for eye-movement

27. Orbita

28. Sinus cavernosus

29. Anulus tendineus communis Zinni

30. Anulus tendineus communis (Zinni)

31. V – n. trigeminus Trigeminal nerve – 3 branches 3 sensitive nuclei:
nc. mesencephalicus
nc. pontinus
nc. spinalis (in medulla oblongata)
1 motor nucleus: nc. motorius
Vegetative part joins along the course
Emerging from the pons
Sensitive ganglion trigeminale (Gasseri)
PS ganglions (ciliare, pterygopalatinum, oticum, submandibulare)

33. V1 – n. opthalmicus Senzitive nerv 3 main branches:
n. frontalis
n. lacrimalis (sensitive + PS)
n. nasociliaris
Connections with nerves for eye-movement (sensitive fibres)
Parasympatic fibres for n. lacrimalis from connection from n. zygomaticus (V2)

34. V1 – n. opthalmicus

35. V2 – n. maxillaris Sensitive nerve
Parasympathetic fibres for ggl. pterygopalatinum from n. facialis
passes foramen rotundum, branches out in fossa pterygopalatina
n. infraorbitalis
n. zygomaticus
nn. pterygopalatini

37. V3 – n. mandibularis Sensitive and motor nerve
Parasympatic fibres for ggl. oticum from n. IX,
for ggl. submandibulare from VII
passes foramen ovale, branches out in fossa infratemporalis

38. V3 – n. mandibularis
muscle branches (n. massetericus, nn. temporales profundi, nn. pterygoidei)
n. bucalis
n. auriculotemporalis
n. lingualis
n. alveolaris inferior

40. V3 – n. mandibularis

41. Ganglia of trigeminus ggl ciliare ggl pterygopalatinum
PS fibres for glands interconnects in the ganglias
Sympatic fibres for smooth muscles pass through
Sensitive fibres pass through
ggl pterygopalatinum
ggl submandibulare
ggl oticum

42. ggl. ciliare
Ciliary ganglion

43. m. sphincter pupilae
m. dilatator pupilae
m. ciliaris

44. ggl. pterygopalatinum
PS for lacrimal gland, glands of nose, mouth from n. petrosus major (n. VII)

45. ggl. oticum
PS from nucleus of CN. IX to parotid gland

46. ggl. submandibulare Near of n. lingualis and submandibular gland
PS from n. lingualis (by chorda tympani, n. VII)
S from plexus of a. facialis
rr. glandulares for submandibular and sublingual glands (PS)