1. Chapter 6 Parasympathomimetics
Cholinoceptor Agonists Anticholinesterases

2. Section1. M-R Agonists choline esters: 均含有季铵基团
acetylcholine (Ach)：unstable, low selectivity
methacholine (醋甲胆碱)
carbachol (卡巴胆碱)
bethanechol chloride (氯贝胆碱)
alkaloids:
pilocarpine
muscarine
arecoline (槟榔碱)

3. Effective in large dose iv
Choline esters
Acetylcholine (Ach,乙酰胆碱)
[Pharmacological actions]
Directly activate M, N-R
muscarinic actions: in small dose
nicotinic actions: in large dose
Effective in large dose iv
Local effect by im, sc

5. 1. muscarinic actions (1) cardiovascular system
Robert Furchgott
1. muscarinic actions
(1) cardiovascular system
vessel dilation, BP↓ (reflective HR↑) HR
a. NO release↑
(M3 R →EDRF(NO) ↑→GC →cGMP↑→ intracellular Ca2+↓)
b. NA release↓
Heart depression: atrium>ventricles
negative (chronotropic, dromotropic, inotropic) effect
Direct effect
Negative feedback NA release ↓

6. mechanism of negative chronotropic effect
↓Ca2+ →↓automatic depolarization
mechanism of negative dromotropic effect
↑ ERP of Atrioventricular node & Purkinje fibers →↓conduction
mechanism of negative inotropic effect
atrium: ↑ K+ efflux→ ↑ repolarization → action potential duration ↓ , ERP↓
ventricles: presynaptic membrane M-R →NA release↓

7. (2) splanchnic smooth muscle ① gastrointestinal tract: excitation
motility increase; secretion stimulation
② urinary bladder:
detrusor(逼尿肌) contraction
trigone(三角区)and sphincter relaxation
③ bronchus: contraction

8. ① glands secretion: increasingly ② eyes:
(3) others
① glands secretion: increasingly
② eyes:
miosis (iris sphincter contraction )
near vision (ciliary muscle contraction)

10. 2. nicotinic actions (ganglion, skeletal muscle, adrenal medulla)
NN-R: co-innervation and dominant theory
adrenaline release
NM -R: skeletal muscle contraction

11. Other choline esters Carbachol (卡巴胆碱): only used in glaucoma
Methacholine (醋甲胆碱): xerosis of oral mucosa (口腔粘膜干燥症)
Bethanechol (氯贝胆碱): abdominal distension, urinary retention

12. Alkaloids Pilocarpine（毛果芸香碱，匹鲁卡品） Muscarine（毒蕈碱） Arecoline （槟榔碱）
Oxotremorine（震颤素）
natural
synthetic

13. Pilocarpine [Pharmacological actions]: selectively activate M-R 1. Eye
Eyes and glands are particularly sensitive to this drug. It is primarily used in ophthalmology
[Pharmacological actions]: selectively activate M-R
1. Eye
miosis (pupiliary sphincter)
decrease intraocular pressure
spasm of accommodation (ciliary muscle)
2. Glands secretion: increase
3. Others

14. Circular muscle
M-R
Radial muscle
α-R

16. Clinical uses 1.Glaucoma(青光眼） angle-closure glaucoma 1~2%, 4~8 h
open-angle glaucoma
1~2%, 4~8 h
2.iritis(虹膜炎),
iridocyclitis(虹膜睫状体炎)
3.others: dry mouth
atropine poision

17. Adverse reactions Diarrhea Diaphoresis (出汗) Miosis Nausea
Urinary urgency

18. 流涎、流泪、恶心、呕吐、头痛、视觉障碍、腹部绞痛、腹泻、支气管痉挛、心动过缓和血压下降、休克
Muscarine
流涎、流泪、恶心、呕吐、头痛、视觉障碍、腹部绞痛、腹泻、支气管痉挛、心动过缓和血压下降、休克
捕蝇蕈
杯伞菌属
丝盖伞菌属

19. Section2 N-R agonists (nicotine, lobeline)
Lobeline (洛贝林,山梗菜碱): respiratory center stimulants
Nicotine：from tobacco
Action: NM, NN, CNS and dependence
(double phase: agonist and antagonist)
Tobacco poison:
Hypertension, Coronary heart disease, cancer, Cerebrovascular disease, Atherosclerosis, Peptic Ulcers

20. Section 3 Anticholinesterase Agents
Cholinesterase (ChE)
Common properties of anticholinesterase agents
Reversible Anticholinesterase agents
Irreversible Anticholinesterase agents

21. Cholinesterase（ChE） True Cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase, AChE)
(10 5 Ach / min )
Pseudocholinesterase (butyrylcholinesterase, BChE)

23. Common properties of anticholinesterase agents
药物与AChE形成的复合物水解速度慢
[Classifications]
chemical structure
non-covalent bonding agents: 依酚氯铵、他克林、多奈哌齐
carboxamide(氨甲酰类):毒扁豆碱、比斯的明、地美溴铵、利凡斯的明
Organophosphates
properties
Reversible Anticholinesterase agents
Irreversible Anticholinesterase agents

24. [Pharmacological actions]
1. eye: like Pilocarpine
2. gastrointestinal tract
(esophagus, stomach, intestine)
e.g. Neostigmine can increase the motility
(amplitude, frequency and tension)

25. 4. glands secrete increasingly
3. neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle (anti-AChE, neostigmine--excite receptor)
4. glands secrete increasingly
5. others (urinary tract, bronchia, cardiovascular system)
Dominant theory, mainly negative effect

26. [Clinical Uses] 1. Myasthenia gravis (重症肌无力)
2. Postoperative abdominal distension; Urinary retention (! no mechanical obstruction )
3.Glaucoma （毒扁豆碱、地美溴铵）
4. Intoxication of d-tubocurarine and cholinoceptor-blockers
5. Alzheimer’s disease
6. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias

27. Myasthenia gravis
A disease affecting skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions. Frequent symptoms are ptosis(上睑下垂), diplopia(复视), difficulty in speaking and swallowing, and extremity weakness. Severe disease may affect all the muscles, including those necessary for respiration.

28. Neostigmine
Pyridostigmine (吡斯的明)
Ambenonium chloride (安贝氯胺)
Galanthamin (加兰他敏)

29. Reversible Anticholinesterase agents Neostigmine (新斯的明）
Skelatal muscle > GI、bladder smooth muscle > CV、Glands、eyes、brachial smooth muscle
[Clinical Uses] po, sc, im (Not into CNS)
1. Myasthenia gravis: direct and indirect effects
2. Postoperative abdominal distension;
Urinary retention
3. Intoxication of d-tubocurarine and atropine
4. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
5. glaucoma
Cautions: Cholinergic Crisis (atropine, d-tubocurarine)

30. Physostigmine (毒扁豆碱 ) Clinical use: 1. Glaucoma
Eyes: similar to pilocarpine (but more rapid, stronger and longer)
Peripheral effects: similar to neostigmine but stronger
Central effects: excitation→inhibition
Clinical use:
1. Glaucoma
2. Intoxication of central anticholinergics
(tricyclic antidepressant, antihistaminics, anti-emetic, antiparkinson agents, phenothiazines antipsychotic agents)
毒性大，除解毒外一般不全身应用

31. Other Reversible Anticholinesterase agents
1.Myasthenia gravis : neostigmine
Pyridostigmine（吡斯的明）
Ambenonium chloride（安贝氯铵 ）
Galanthamine（加兰他敏 ）
2.Glaucoma: Physostigmine (1~2d)
Demecarium bromide (地美溴铵, 9d )
3.Alzheimer’s disease :
Donepezil(多奈哌齐), Rivastigmine, Tacrine
4.Diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis :
Edrophonium chloride（依酚氯铵，腾喜龙）

32. Edrophonium chloride 用于诊断重症肌无力和鉴别肌无力危象及胆碱能危 象。也用作筒箭毒碱等非去极化肌松剂的拮抗剂。
【用法及用量】
①腾喜龙试验: iv 10mg，注射后重症肌无力症状明显缓解，10分钟后恢复原状，可确定诊断。
②肌无力危象和胆碱能危象的鉴别:先注射2mg，若症状好转，再将其余8mg注射完，诊断为肌无力危象；若注射2mg后症状加重，应立即停注，诊断为胆碱能危象。
③筒箭毒碱等非去极化肌松弛剂的拮抗剂:静脉注射5～10mg/次，总剂量可达40mg。

33. Irreversible Anticholinesterase Agents—Organophosphates（有机磷酸酯类）
1）弱：敌百虫、乐果、马拉硫磷
2）强：敌敌畏
3）剧：内吸磷、甲拌磷、对硫磷
4）强剧：沙林、塔朋、梭曼 （战争化学毒气）
Pathway of intoxication

34. Mechanisms of intoxication
aging

35. Signs of intoxication
1. Acute intoxication: acute cholinergic crisis
(1) M manifestation (muscarinic effects )
(2) N manifestation (nicotinic effects)
(3) CNS effects
2. Chronic intoxication

36. 心率减慢、血压下降、缩瞳可不明显

38. [signs of acute intoxication]
1.Mild intoxication: M signs
2.Moderate intoxication: M+N signs
3.Severe intoxication: M+N +CNS sign

39. Prevention and treatment of intoxication
Diagnosis: exposure, symptoms, AChE activity
Prevention: important
Treatment of acute intoxication
1. Decontamination: to prevent further absorption
(gas mask, removal of clothing, gastric lavage)
2. Symptomatic treatment and antidotes
(1) Atropine: atropinization (阿托品化)
(2) Cholinesterase Reactivators
3. Maintenance of vital signs

40. gastric lavage (敌百虫) (敌敌畏) 2% NaHCO3, or 1% brine → MgSO4
!! Dipterex―――――→DDVP
(敌百虫) (敌敌畏)
×NaHCO3

41. Cholinesterase Reactivators
Pralidoxime chloride (PAM-Cl):氯解磷定
Mechanisms of action
磷酰化氯解磷定
氯解磷定 1.
复合物
磷酰化AChE
AChE 2.
Direct binding with free organophosphates
therapeutic effect
1. inhibit Nm manifestation——strong
2. inhibit M manifestation——weak
3. CNS

42. PAM-Cl also have the followings:
better water-solubility and stability
little adverse reaction
im, iv