2. Founding Documents of the United States of America Michael L. Murphy ED 195 12/3/01

3. Documents to be Examined Declaration of Independence Constitution Bill of Rights

4. Declaration of Independence Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposed idea in Continental Congress on June 7, 1776

5. Declaration of Independence Committee of five chosen to draft the document

6. Committee Members John Adams Ben Franklin Roger Sherman Robert Livingstone Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin

7. Thomas Jefferson Jefferson used his eloquent style to craft most of the famous document

8. Declaration of Independence Approved by Congress on July 2, 1776 56 men from 13 colonies signed on July 4, 1776

9. Constitution Constitutional Convention called to meet in Philadelphia during summer of 1787 to discuss remedies for the ailing Articles of Confederation Independence Hall, Philadelphia

10. Constitution George Washington was elected president of the convention

11. Constitution Delegates from 12 states decided early on to scrap the Articles and proceed with writing a new plan for government Differences between delegates soon erupted

12. Crucial Compromises Representation Slavery Trade

13. Virginia Plan James Madison wrote this plan which based representation on population Favored big states

14. New Jersey Plan William Paterson crafted this plan which gave each state equal representation Favored small states

15. Great Compromise Roger Sherman gave idea of lower house based on population and upper house with equal representation

16. Slavery Three-Fifths Compromise reached to solve slavery issue Slaves would count as 3/5 of a person for purposes of taxation and of representation

17. Trade Compromise reached that allowed Congress power to regulate foreign and interstate trade Could not apply export taxes Could not stop slave trade for 20 years

18. Constitutional Principles Limited Government Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Federalism Popular Sovereignty

19. Limited Government First and oldest written constitution in the world Designed to prevent tyranny experienced under Britain which had an unwritten, open-ended constitution

20. Separation of Powers Government divided into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial Each branch has specific powers but must work with the others for government to function

21. Checks and Balances Prevents one branch from becoming more powerful than the others Branches have ways of checking and balancing the power of the others

22. Federalism Divides power between national and state levels of government States needed to sacrifice some sovereignty for the sake of national unity

23. Popular Sovereignty Preamble of Constitution expresses idea that source of power rests with the people Constitution on Display, Washington, D. C.

24. Examples of Popular Sovereignty Vote for representatives to national government Indirect election of president through electoral college Make changes in constitution through amendment process

25. Constitution Signed in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787

26. Constitution Rhode Island was 13 th and last state to ratify on May 29, 1790 New Congress convened in New York City on March 4, 1789

27. Constitution Washington inaugurated as first president in New York City on April 30, 1789

28. Bill of Rights James Madison finished Bill of Rights in 1789 Fulfilled promise to Anti-federalist opponents

29. Bill of Rights Approved by three-fourths of states in 1791 Bill of Rights were first ten amendments to the Constitution

30. Key Rights Protected Religion Speech Press Security Rights Judicial Rights Bill of Rights on Display, Washington, D. C.

31. Bill of Rights Intended to limit national power Designed to protect rights of individuals States still had much freedom to govern as they pleased

32. Photo Credits Horydczak, Theodor. “U.S. Capitol paintings. Signing of the Declaration of Independence, painting by John Trumbull in U.S. Capitol IV.” ca. 1920-ca. 1950. Washington as It Was: Photographs by Theodor Horydczak, 1923-1959. [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/thc.5a51230.jpg] [thc 5a51230] (December 1, 2001). Pendleton's Lithography. “John Adams, second President of the United States.” 1828(?). By Popular Demand: Portraits of the Presidents and First Ladies, 1789-Present. [http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3a50000/3a53000/3a53200/3 a53276v.jpg] [cph 3a53276] (December 1, 2001).

33. Photo Credits “Benjamin Franklin.” c[between 1900 and 1920]. Touring Turn-of- the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920. [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/det/4a20000/4a28000/4a28500/4a28534r.jpg] [det 4a28534] (December 1, 2001). Pendleton's Lithography. “Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States.” 1828(?). By Popular Demand: Portraits of the Presidents and First Ladies, 1789-Present. [http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3c10000/3c17000/3c17100/3 c17117v.jpg] [cph 3c17117] (December 1, 2001).

34. Photo Credits Pendleton's Lithography. “James Madison, fourth President of the United States.” 1828(?). By Popular Demand: Portraits of the Presidents and First Ladies, 1789-Present. [http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3a50000/3a53000/3a53200/3 a53278v.jpg] [cph 3a53278] (December 1, 2001). Horydczak, Theodor. “Paintings. Signing of Constitution by Howard C. Cristy II.” ca. 1920-ca. 1950. Washington as It Was: Photographs by Theodor Horydczak, 1923-1959. [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/thc/5a50000/5a50800/5a50829r.jpg] [thc 5a50829] (December 1, 2001).

35. Photo Credits “Independence Hall [Assembly Room], Philadelphia, Pa.” c1905. Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920. [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/det/4a10000/4a12000/4a12500/4a12587r.jpg] [det 4a12587] (December 1, 2001). Horydczak, Theodor. “Democratic Digest. Attorney General Tom Clark looking at Bill of Rights II.” ca. 1920-ca. 1950. Washington as It Was: Photographs by Theodor Horydczak, 1923-1959. [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/thc/5a43000/5a43100/5a43174r.jpg] [thc 5a43174] (December 1, 2001).

36. Photo Credits Horydczak, Theodor. “Library of Congress (Jefferson Building). Display of U.S. Constitution, Library of Congress.” ca. 1920-ca. 1950. Washington as It Was: Photographs by Theodor Horydczak, 1923-1959 [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/thc/5a50000/5a50700/5a50785r.jpg] [thc 5a50785] (December 1, 2001). “George Washington, head-and-shoulders portrait]. Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828, artist.” c[between 1900 and 1920]. Touring Turn-of-the- Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920. [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/det/4a20000/4a26000/4a26500/4a26549r.jpg] [det 4a26549] (December 1, 2001). Additional images and sounds courtesy Microsoft Office 2000.