1. A person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.
Personality
A person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

2. Barnum Effect
Named after P. T. Barnum, who believed that a good circus had "a little something for everybody“
Very general personality descriptions that apply to everyone
Horoscopes, psychic readings
“You have a tendency to be critical of yourself.”
“At times you are extroverted, sociable, while at other times you are introverted, wary, reserved.”
“You have a great need for other people to like and admire you.”

3. Early Perspectives Psychoanalytic theory (Freud) 
Personality is the result of childhood sexual development & unconscious conflicts in the mind

5. Freud’s “Iceberg”
Conscious mind (our immediate awareness) Preconscious (not in awareness but easily accessible) Unconscious (hidden reservoir of unacceptable wishes, thoughts, and memories

6. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Children’s development stages in which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
As we develop, we find acceptable outlets or ways to manage the pleasure-seeking energies
Fixations = strong conflicts cause obsession/preoccupation

7. The Id Present at birth Physiological drives Entirely unconscious
Pleasure principle: the seeking of immediate gratification of instinctive needs or wants

8. The Ego Develops during 1st year of life
Reasoning, rationality, good sense
Self-awareness, delay of gratification
Reality principle: consideration of what is practical and possible in gratifying needs

9. The Superego Develops in childhood (age 5)
Functions as a moral guardian
Incorporates values of parents and members of the community

12. Id, Ego, Superego

15. Oedipus Complex
A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. A girl’s desire for her father is called the Electra complex.

16. Freudian Slip
"A Freudian slip is when you mean one thing, but you say your mother."

18. Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious function that protects mind from anxiety-evoking material
Regression: returning to an earlier, more comforting form of behavior

19. Repression: pushing thoughts out of conscious awareness
Rationalization: Generating self-justifying explanations instead of real reasons for action or event
Or is it because she calls him 20 times an hour….
He broke up with me because he’s afraid of commitment

20. Reaction formation: expressing the opposite of how one truly feels, often exaggeratedly
Displacement: redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object
Bad day at school
Yell at little sister when you get home

21. Projection: disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others

22. Sublimation: Channeling one’s impulses toward a different, more positive & acceptable goal or behavior
Denial: not accepting the ego-threatening truth

23. Defense Mechanisms

26. Neo-Freudian & Psychodynamic Theories
Emphasize social, not sexual, tensions for personality development
Agree w/importance of unconscious, but placed more importance on conscious mind in coping
We have more positive motives than sex & aggression

27. Neo-Freudian & Psychodynamic Theories
Alfred Adler  behavior driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority (inferiority complex)

28. Psychodynamic Theory
Carl Jung  agreed w/Freud that unconscious has powerful influence
BUT
Unconscious is more than repressed thoughts & feelings
Collective Unconscious  common reservoir of images derived from species’ universal experiences
“Today: The collective unconscious….”

29. Jung’s Collective Unconscious

30. Assessing Unconscious Processes
Projective tests  provides ambiguous stimuli that triggers projection of inner unconscious conflicts

31. Projective Tests
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)  given ambiguous picture, make up a story

33. Projective Tests
Rorschach Inkblot Test  describe ambiguous splotch of ink
“It’s just a simple Rorschach ink-blot test, Mr. Bromwell, so just calm down and tell me what each one suggests to you.”

38. Criticisms of Projective Tests
Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity (predicting what it is supposed to).
When evaluating the same patient, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (reliability).
2. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity).

39. Humanistic Perspective
Personality results from our desire to be our ideal self, reach highest potential
Emphasizes that we are inherently good and make our own choices

40. Maslow’s Hierarchy
Maslow added a possible level beyond self-actualization, known as self-transcendence (meaning, purpose beyond the self)

41. Carl Rogers – Person-Centered Perspective
Genuineness, acceptance, empathy needed for growth & fulfillment

42. Humanist Assessment of Sense of Self
Actual self
Ideal self

43. Criticism of Humanist Perspective
Vague & subjective?
Naïve?
Can such individualism lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and lack of moral restraints?

44. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Albert Bandura
Personality is interaction of our personal factors and environment
We learn many of our behaviors through conditioning/observation
What we think about our situations affects our behavior

45. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Reciprocal determinism = our personality influences our choices, we influence our environments & our environments influence us
1) Different people choose different environments
2) Personalities shape our interpretations & reactions to events
3) Personalities lead to situations to which we react

47. Locus of Control
Self-efficacy

48. Optimism/Pessimism

49. Social-Cognitive Perspective Overview
The good
Makes researchers more sensitive to how situations affect, and are affected by, individuals
Builds from learning & cognition research
The bad
Too much focus on situation
What about biologically influenced traits?

51. Types of Personalities
Type A
Type B
Feel time pressure.
Easily angered.
Competitive and ambitious.
Work hard and play hard.
More prone to heart disease than rest of population.
Relaxed and easygoing.
But some people fit in neither type.

52. Trait Perspective
Personality is a set of stable characteristics (traits) that we
They believe that we can describe people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits).

53. Factor Analysis
Hans and Sybil Eysenck suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions, extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability.

54. The Ancient Greeks

55. Trait Theories
The same traits can be used to describe all people’s personalities.
BIG FIVE personality traits:
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to experience
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)

56. Endpoints

57. Objective tests – inventories, empiricised
MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)
Based on Carl Jung
Includes ideas from trait theories
Introversion (I) or Extraversion (E)
Intuition (N) v. Sensing (S)
Thinking (T) v. Feeling (F)
Perceiving (P) v. Judging (J)
Each four letter combo makes one of 16 types

59. MMPI 2 TEST QUESTIONS IN ORDER TRUE OR FALSE (567 QUESTIONS)
1. I like mechanics magazines 2. I have a good appetite 3. I wake up fresh & rested most mornings 4. I think I would like the work of a librarian 5. I am easily awakened by noise 6. I like to read newspaper articles on crime 7. My hands and feet are usually warm enough 8. My daily life is full of things that keep me interested 9. I am about as able to work as I ever was 10. There seems to be a lump in my throat much of the time 11. A person should try to understand his dreams and be guided by or take warning from them 12. I enjoy detective or mystery stories

61. Individualism & Collectivism
Sense of “me”
Greater priority to personal goals
Define identity in personal attributes
Strive for personal control, individual achievements
Share human need to belong and join groups, but less focused on group harmony and doing their duty
Move in and out of social groups

62. Individualism & Collectivism
Group identification
Priority to goals of the group
Greater concern for social harmony

63. Exploring the Self
Morality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks
(self-based) (duty-based)
Attributing Behavior reflects one’s personality Behavior reflects social
behaviors and attitudes and roles
Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism
Concept Individualism Collectivism
Self Independent Interdependent
(identity from individual traits) identity from belonging)
Life task Discover and express one’s Maintain connections, fit in
uniqueness
What matters Me--personal achievement and We-group goals and solidarity;
fullfillment; rights and liberties social responsibilities and
relationships
Coping method Change reality Accommodate to reality
Relationships Many, often temporary or casual; Few, close and enduring;
confrontation acceptable harmony valued