1. ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTORS
CHAPTER 2
ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTORS

2. The Developmental Perspective
The life course of all humans follows a trajectory that may be littered with risk factors

3. The Developmental Perspective
Antisocial Behavior
Antisocial Behavior
Risk Factor
Risk
Factor
Antisocial Behavior
Risk
Factor

4. Risk Factors
Individual attributes and developmental social and family experiences that are believed to increase the probability that an individual will engage in persistent criminal behavior

5. Types of Risk Factors
Psychological
Social
Familial

6. Risk Factors Social Risk Factors
Poverty
Early peer rejection
Association with antisocial peers
Inadequate pre-school child care
Inadequate after-school care
School failure

7. Risk Factors Parental and Family
Single-parent household
Permissive or lax parental style
Minimal parental monitoring
Parental psychopathology
Physical and emotional abuse/neglect
Domestic violence
Substance abuse
Antisocial siblings

8. Risk Factors Psychological
Cognitive and language deficiencies
Low IQ scores or psychometric intelligence
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Conduct disorder

9. Social Risk Factors Poverty
The relationship between poverty and violence is not well understood
Many other variables
Inadequate schools
Inequities in resources
Discrimination, racism,
Unsafe living conditions
Unemployment
Neighborhood violence

10. Social Risk Factors Peer Rejection
Peer-rejected children tend to be more aggressive, argumentative, inattentive, and disruptive than others, and generally have poorer social skills
Membership in deviant groups or gangs encourage and increase the already existing antisocial patterns in children and adolescents

11. Social Risk Factors Day Care
Poor-quality child care
Poorer language
Impaired cognitive development
Difficult social and emotional adjustment
Low-income children who experience high-quality infant and preschool care show better school achievement and socialized behavior in later years than similar children without child-care experience or with experience in lower- quality care

12. Social Risk Factors After-School Care
Children who are unsupervised after school in the early elementary grades are at elevated risk for behavior problems in early adolescence
Antisocial children seek out niches that involve association with antisocial peers and environments with minimal adult supervision

13. Social Risk Factors School Experiences
Early school failure is also linked to antisocial development and delinquency
reading achievement appears to play a prominent role in school failure

14. Family Risk Factors Parenting Practices and Styles
Allowance
Reading together
Serving as home room parent
Parenting styles
Gestures
Tone of voice
Expression of emotion

15. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Intention
Authoritarian
To shape and control child’s life
Permissive
No control, few restrictions
Authoritative
Rational, apply reasonable restrictions
Neglecting
Detached and unengaged in child’s life

16. Family Risk Factors Parental Style
Enmeshed
Inconsistent and ineffective discipline
Use of coercive punishment for even minor misbehavior
Lax
Lack of discipline
Denial about antisocial behavior

17. Family Risk Factors Parental Monitoring
Parents’ awareness of their child’s peer associates, free-time activities, and physical whereabouts when outside the home
Strong predictor of antisocial behavior during later childhood and adolescence

18. Family Risk Factors Siblings and Parent Psychopathology
Antisocial sibling is most influential when siblings are close in age
Parental depression, alcoholism, violence related to delinquency

19. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
Secure
Child feels secure in parent’s presence, distressed when leaves but delighted by parent’s return
Insecure
Anxious/ ambivalent
Child is very distressed by separation but may be indifferent or hostile when parent returns
Avoidant
Child is indifferent about both separation and return

20. Psychological Risk Factors Empathy
Affective
Ability to experience another person’s emotions
Deficiencies closely linked to antisocial behavior
Cognitive
Ability to understand another’s emotions

21. Psychological Risk Factors Language Impairment
Leads to peer rejection and academic difficulties
Males more difficulty
Difficulty expressing self may increase frustration levels
Conflict resolution
Aggressive behavior

22. Psychological Risk Factors IQ
Psychometric approach
Many types of intelligence not measured by test
Relationship between IQ and school performance
IQ and ethnicity

23. Psychological Risk Factors IQ Scores
Individual experiences
Rich and varied increase score
School experiences
Positive increase language skills
Negative stagnate or decrease
Test
Type, content, situation, examiner

24. Psychological Risk Factors Learning Disability
Many learning disabilities are overdiagnosed
Label that follows individuals through the educational system
The relationship between delinquency and learning disability is unclear

25. Psychological Risk Factors Conduct Disorder
Persistent misbehavior
Stealing, cruelty to others, fighting, lying
Catch-all category
Signs may occur as early as age three
Often mislabeled
Learning disability or ADHD
Associated with peer rejection

26. Psychological Risk Factors Two Subtypes of Conduct Disorder
Childhood Onset Type
Adolescent Onset Type

27. Types of Conduct Disorder Childhood Onset Type
Pattern begins prior to age 10
Prognosis is not good, according to DSM-IV-R

28. Types of Conduct Disorder Adolescent Onset Type
Absence of any pattern prior to age
More favorable prognosis

29. Psychological Risk Factors Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Inattention
Easily distracted
Impulsivity
Acts before thinking, one activity to another
Excessive motor activity
Unable to sit still, fidgets, noisy

30. Psychological Risk Factors Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Leading psychological diagnosis for American children
Self-regulation
ADHD and substance abuse
Symptoms of ADHD and antisocial behavior at young age correlated with criminal behavior

31. Developmental pathways Enmeshed style Language impairment Lax style
Chapter 2 Key Concepts
Developmental pathways
Enmeshed style
Language impairment
Lax style
Neglecting style
Attachment theory
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authoritarian style
Authoritative style
Conduct disorder

32. Psychometric approach Psychometric intelligence Self-regulation
Chapter 2 Key Concepts
Parental monitoring
Parental practices
Parental styles
Permissive style
Psychometric approach
Psychometric intelligence
Self-regulation