1. Chapter 3
The Biosphere

2. Interest Grabber
Section 3-1
Levels Within Levels
An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. Within an ecosystem, there are several levels of organization. Your school and its grounds are similar to an ecosystem.
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3. 1. What living things are found in and around your school?
Section 3-1
Interest Grabber continued
1. What living things are found in and around your school?
2. What nonliving things are found in your school?
3. Into what large groups are the students in your school divided?
4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups divided?
5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller groups? If so, what are these groups?
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4. A. Interactions and Interdependence B. Levels of Organization
Section Outline
Section 3-1
3–1 What Is Ecology?
A. Interactions and Interdependence
B. Levels of Organization
C. Ecological Methods
1. Observing
2. Experimenting
3. Modeling
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5. I.What is Ecology? Ecology A.Interactions and Interdependence
__________________-scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings.
_________came up with term ecology based on house and economy.
The largest unit is the ______________________ which contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists,inc. water and atmosphere.
Web of interactions in biosphere as organisms and environment ,which are interdependent
Haeckel
Biosphere

6. B.Levels of Organization
1)_______________level studies interactions between specific organism and surroundings 2)individuals belong to the same species and live in same area.
3)________________-groups of different populations living in the same area
4)__________________-collection of all the organisms living in particular place+ nonliving parts
5)_______________-group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities
species
population
communities
ecosystem
Biome

7. Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization
Section 3-1

8. C. Ecological Methods
Observing-example What species live here?how many?...
Experimenting-
An _______________________ may test a hypothesis in a lab
field studies in natural ecosystems
Modeling may be done because phenomena may occur over a long time/may use mathematical formulas
Artificial environment

9. Compare/Contrast Table
Section 3-1
Ecological Methods
Observation
Experiment
Model Building
Sites
Field site
Experimental plots,
field sites, laboratory
Many sites for data
collecting
Measuring Tools
Tapes, compass,
Global Positioning
System, thermometer,
sensors
Aerial views, Global
Positioning System,
weather balloons
Magnifying Tools
Binoculars, microscope,
telescope
Satellite images
Written Record
Notes, automated data
storage
Automated data storage
Chemical Testing
Test kits
Large database,
multiple sensors
Computer/
Calculators
Mathematical analysis
and graphics, statistics
and graphics, statistics,
simulations
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10. Interest Grabber
Section 3-2
Energy flows in one direction through an ecosystem, from the sun or inorganic compounds to producers (organisms that can make their own food) through various levels to consumers (organisms that rely on other organisms for food). Your body gets the energy and materials it needs for growth and repair from the foods you eat.
Pass It Along
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11. comes from a plant (producer) or an animal (consumer).
Interest Grabber continued
1. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat. Indicate whether the food
comes from a plant (producer) or an animal (consumer).
2. Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which are seeds. Where do seeds
come from?
3. Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle eat?
4. Construct a diagram showing how one of your favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as many levels as you can.
Section 3-2
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12. comes from a plant (producer) or an animal (consumer).
1. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat. Indicate whether the food
comes from a plant (producer) or an animal (consumer).
2. Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which are seeds. Where do seeds
come from?
3. Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle eat?
4. Construct a diagram showing how one of your favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as many levels as you can.
Sec
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13. II. Energy Flow A. Producers
____________-main source of energy for all life on earth
Only <_____% of the sunlight is used by living things ,yet this produces much energy
Some organisms use the energy stored in organic compounds-eg. In _____________and undersea vents
Hot springs
sun 1%

14. Energy Flow cont’d
Only ____________________ can take (derive) energy directly from the sun or inorganic compounds…..Theses are called ____________________,which use the energy from the environment to fuel the assembly of simple inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules….finally forming tissue
Because they can make their own food,autotrophs are called __________________.
Both types of producers---those that get energy from sunlight and those that derive energy from inorganic compounds are essential. To the biosphere.
Plants,some algae and certain bacteria
autotrophs
producers

15. A. Producers cont’d 1) Energy from the sun:
Get energy from _______________that converts CO2 and H2O into O2 and glucose,using light energy…..responsible for O2 we breath
On land _______are the main autotrophs and and ______________are the main autotrophs under the water,at the upper layers.
In tidal flats and salt marshes,photosynthetic bacteria called _________are the main autotrophs
plants
photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
algae

16. CO2+ H20------------carbs + O2
Light energy
CO2+ H carbs + O2

17. 2. Life w/o Light:
Rely on chemical bonds of such inorganic molecules as hydrogen sulfide
______________is when chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates---performed by several type of bacteria
In volcanic vents on the deep ocean floor and hot springs
chemosynthesis

19. 1)_______________eat only plants.eg-cows,caterpillars and deer
Consumers-also called ____________________rely on other organisms for their food supply Types:
heterotrophs
1)_______________eat only plants.eg-cows,caterpillars and deer
2)______________eat animals—eg-snakes and owls
3)__________________-eat both plants and animals
eg-humans,bears
4)________________________eat plant animal remains,and other dead matter
called detritus—eg-earthworms and snails
herbivores
detrovites
carnivores
omnivores

21. II.cont’d( beginning w/B-5)
_______________________-break down organic matter---eg. Bacteria and fungi
Decomposers

22. C. Feeding Relationships
energy
____________ flows through an ecosystem in one direction,from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs(producers) and then to various heterotrophs(consumers) .These relationships create feeding networks:
1. The energy stored by producers can be passed through an ecosystem along a ___________________-a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten…shows one way flow of energy
Food chains

23. Food Chains

24. Food Chains zooplankton
The animal plankton above is________________________,which devour the phytoplankton and are ,in turn, eaten by small fish.

25. 2. ________________________-complex feeding interactions are shown
2. ________________________-complex feeding interactions are shown. These show more complex relationships.Producers are either eaten or complete life cycle. Herbivores,omnivores,carivores and producers decompose,turning into detritus,by decomposers and devoured by detritivores and also by consumers.
Food webs

28. 3. Each step in a food chain or food web is __________________________Each consumer depends on the trophic level below for energy.
Called a trophic level

29. 4. Ecological Pyramids-shows the relative amount of matter contained w/in each trophic level being a chain or web…There are 3 types:
Energy Pyramid-Only about __% of the energy available in one trophic level is transferred to the next…most is released into environment…..only about 1% transferred to humans….the more trophic levels ,the ____energy at the top.
10%
less

30. Biomass Pyramid-represents amount food available @ level
Total amount of living tissue in a trophic level=________________
expressed in g/unit area
Pyramid of Numbers –based on number of individual organisms at each trophic level.
biomass

31. Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative
Energy Pyramid
Shows the relative amount of
energy available at each trophic
level. Organisms use about 10
percent of this
energy for
life processes.
The rest is lost
as heat.
Section 3-2
Pyramid of Numbers
Shows the relative
number of individual
organisms at each
trophic level.
Biomass Pyramid
Represents the amount of
living organic matter at each
trophic level. Typically, the
greatest biomass is at the
base of the pyramid.
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32. III. Cycles of Matter Matter is cycled within and without an ecosystem
Matter is passed from one organism to another through_______________
Biochemical cycles

33. The Water Cycle Condensation
Section 3-3
Condensation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Runoff
Seepage
Root
Uptake
Watergas in EVAPORATION and water enters the air from leaves in TRANSPIRATION
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34. All the chemical substances an organism needs for life is a ______________/to build tissues and carry out cell functions
Nutrient

35. 4 main types of processes move C through its cycle
Biological processes like Photosynthesis,respiration and decomposition take up and release C and O2
Geochemical processes,such as erosion and volcanos release CO2 into the atmosphere and oceans.
Mixed Biochemical processes-burial and decomposition and conversion into coal and petroleum store underground C.
Human activities like mining ,cutting and burning forests and fossil fuels release CO2 in the air.

36. Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle
Section 3-3
CO2 in
Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
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37. N needed for amino acids and proteins
Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle
N2 in Atmosphere
NO3-
and NO2-
NH3
N needed for amino acids and proteins
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38. N-fixing bacteria from roots of legumes convert N gas into ammonia in Nitrogen Fixation,also into nitrates and nitrites.Producers use them to make proteins.This is then usable by the consumers to make their own proteins.
Denitrification is when organisms die and decomposers return n to soil as ammonia.Other soil bacteria convert Nitrates into N gas,releasing N into air again

39. P forms part of DNA and RNA

40. Nutrient Limitation Primary productivity is _________________________.
Available nutrients affect this.
When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient it is called a______________.
Algal blooms occur due to the increase in a nutrient.the algae may cover the surface of the water and block the sun
which organic matter is created by producers
Limiting nutrient

41. Algal Blooms