1. Insecticides

2. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS Age Best used when mixed, don’t store after mixing

3. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS Thatch Excessive thatch (>1/2”) binds insecticide

4. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS UV degradation Breaks chemical bonds Biologicals most susceptible

5. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS pH impact Neutral pH is best

6. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS Microbial degradation Bacteria and fungi feed on organic portion of pesticide Can break down within hours

7. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Stomach poisons Enter insect through the gut when eaten

8. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Systemic poisons Translocated within plants Insects exposed when feeding Most effective on piercing-sucking insects Receive greater dose

9. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Contact poisons Enter body when insect walks over treated surface

10. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) Interferes with normal growth Prevents molting (juvenile hormones) Very safe, delayed effect

11. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Biorational (Biological) Beneficial fungi, nematodes or bacteria

12. MODE OF ACTION Nerve poisons: most conventional insecticides a) Narcotics Physical action in nervous system

13. MODE OF ACTION Nerve poisons b) Synaptic Interrupt synaptic transmission of nervous system Synapse (gap) is the junction between a neuron and another cell (muscle, gland, etc)

14. MODE OF ACTION Nerve poisons b) Synaptic In central nervous system, acetylcholine transmits an impulse across synapse to next cell Chemicals tie up acetylcholine and cause malfunction

15. MODE OF ACTION Muscle poisons Disrupting muscle membrane

16. MODE OF ACTION Physical toxicants Horticultural Oil Clog the spiracles that breathe

17. MODE OF ACTION Physical toxicants Insecticidal soap Strips cuticle and dehydrates insect

18. MODE OF ACTION Physical toxicants Diatomaceous earth Crushed fossils Cut insects walking over it Dehydrate

19. SOURCE CLASSIFICATION Inorganic: lack carbon Organic: possess carbon Natural are produced from natural substances: botanicals and oils Synthetics are manmade

20. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS Pesticide rotation Rotate chemical classes Change mode of action (MOA) http://www.irac-online.org/

21. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP) Unstable in light Was most widely used insecticides

22. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP) Malathion, Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) Cancelled

23. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CARBAMATES Low persistence in environment Noted toxicity to pollinators

24. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CARBAMATES Carbaryl Greatest use is fruit production Controls insects and fruit-thinning agent

25. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CARBAMATES Carbofuran (cancelled) Ineffective when used continuously Microorganisms quickly degrade

26. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Most persistent insecticide class

27. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS DDT Cancelled in US in 1973 Extremely stable Resistant to MO, heat, and UV light Fat solubility Other classes broken down in animals by enzymes

28. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS DDT: 2 characteristics for cancellation 1. Stability allows more to be taken up by animals 2. Accumulates in body fat Found traces in milk fat and in human body fat

29. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS DDT Biomagnification As predators consume organisms, DDT accumulates in fat of predator Thin egg shells, reproductive failure…

30. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BOTANICALS Derived directly from plants Organic gardening Considered safer, some exceptions Most are expensive and impractical on commercial scale

31. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BOTANICALS Pyrethrum Extracted from Chrysanthemum Wide spectrum and rapid knockdown Breaks down rapidly in sunlight

32. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BOTANICALS Rotenone Second most used botanical Extremely toxic to fish

33. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BOTANICALS Rotenone New research released in the United States on Monday shows a link between the use of two pesticides, rotenone and paraquat, and Parkinson's disease. People who used either pesticide developed Parkinson's disease approximately 2.5 times more often than non-users.

34. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BOTANICALS Neem Oil from neem tree Primarily repellent Also medicinal and toothpaste http://www.azasol.com/

35. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC) Replacing many older insecticides: effective and safe Synthetic pyrethrum

36. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC) Permethrin High toxicity at low rates Quick knockdown More stable Permethrin, Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin

37. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS PHENYL PYRAZOLES Low mammalian toxicity Very effective Fipronil, season long control of ants

38. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLORONICOTINYLS Translocates within plant Merit is absorbed through roots Suspected in CCD (bees) Banned in Canada

39. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) Adult bees fly off to die Causes include parasites, viruses, bacteria, poor nutrition and pesticides No proof of cell tower

40. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BIORATIONAL (Biological) Not substitute for conventional insecticides More scouting and repeat applications

41. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BIORATIONAL (Biological) Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis) Protein produced by Bt that damages gut Death in couple days

42. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BIORATIONAL (Biological) Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis) Varieties have specific host Var. kurstaki kills caterpillars (Dipel) Genetically modified corn contains protein Monarch butterflies?

43. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BIORATIONAL (Biological) Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis) Var. israliensis kills mosquitoes

44. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BIORATIONAL (Biological) Spinosad Derived from bacterium Effective flea control