1. Issues in the use of GPS and GIS applications in infectious disease GMAT9205 May 2011 Damien Cordery

2. John Snow’s cholera map, 1854

3. Potential role for GPS/GIS in infectious disease Tracking of diseases: - case clusters, similar to the cholera map - surveillance of disease - epidemic prediction and response - emerging infections (SARS, West Nile virus) - potential influence climate change - especially useful in resource delivery in developing world

4. Vazquez-Prokopec et al., PLoS Neg Trop Dis, 2010

5. Accurate positioning works well for tracking outbreaks or epidemics and identifying clusters

6. Vazquez-Prokopec et al., PLoS Neg Trop Dis, 2010 Limitations - Collected location may have no relation to exposure site - confidentiality in health is a big issue Accurate positioning works well for tracking outbreaks or epidemics and identifying clusters

7. HIV in Australia - best that can be achieved ethically

8. HIV in Australia - best that can be achieved ethically Not particularly useful in understanding or influencing the epidemic

9. HIV cases in rural South Africa - unusual to see a study in HIV as confidentiality is a big issue Tanser et al., IJE, 2009

10. HIV cases in rural South Africa - unusual to see a study in HIV as confidentiality is a big issue - to avoid identification of a particular residence a random error was introduced to each data point Tanser et al., IJE, 2009

11. HIV cases in rural South Africa - unusual to see a study in HIV as confidentiality is a big issue - to avoid identification of a particular residence a random error was introduced to each data point - doesn’t this wrongly identify someone else’s house? Tanser et al., IJE, 2009

12. Spatially interpolated Remote sensing Meteorology sites in Africa Interpolation of available data Remote sensing data Inaccessible regions Hay and Lennon, Trop Med and Int Health, 1998

13. Represents areas where conditions are appropriate for malaria vectors. Rogers et al., Nature 2002

14. Represents areas where conditions are appropriate for malaria vectors. Most useful for areas with little or no data. Rogers et al., Nature 2002

15. Useful in areas with no data or access

16. Eisen and Eisen, Ann Rev Entomol 2011

17. Potential focus for limited resources Eisen and Eisen, Ann Rev Entomol 2011

18. Potential focus for limited resources Movement of people complicates the accuracy Eisen and Eisen, Ann Rev Entomol 2011

19. Limitations Confidentiality Spatial information not routinely collected Collected location may have no relation to exposure site Resource limited settings Targetting scarce resources to the best areas Predicting areas susceptible to transmission Useful