1. 2040706050308010013012011090140160180170150 IQ Percentage of group 24 20 28 4 12 8 16

2. Fig10_4 8_6 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Source: Reprinted with permission from “Familial Studies of Intelligence: A Review,” T. Bouchard et al.,Science, Vol 212, #4498, pp. 1055-9, 29 May 1981. Copyright © 1981 American for the Advancement of Science. +0.10 +0.20 +0.30 +0.40 +0.50 +0.60 +0.70 +0.80 +0.90 +1.00 Correlation of IQ scores Identical twins reared together Identical twins reared apart Non-identical twins reared together Siblings reared together Siblings reared apart Unrelated children reared together Unrelated children reared apart

3. Fig8

4. Fig10_6

5. 31 INFORMATION-PROCESSING INTELLIGENCE Mental steps or "components" used to solve problems CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE Use of experience in ways that foster insight PRACTICAL INTELLIGENCE Ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life

6. InRev10a InRev9aInRev7a InRev6bInRev6aInRev5bInRev5aInRev4bInRev2a INFLUENCES ON IQ SCORES Genes appear to play a significant role in differences among people on IQ test performance. Environmental conditions interact with genetic inheritance. Nutrition, medical care, sensory and intellectual stimulation, interpersonal relations, and influences on motivation are all significant features of the environment. Source of Effect Genetics Environment Description Examples of Evidence for Effect The IQ scores of siblings who share no common environment are positively correlated. There is a greater correlation between scores of identical twins than between those of nonidentical twins. IQ scores have risen among children who are adopted into homes that offer a stimulating, enriching environment. Correlations between IQs of twins reared together are higher than for those reared apart.

7. InRev10b ANALYZING MENTAL ABILITIES Define the structure of intelligence by examining factor analyses of the correlations between scores on tests of mental abilities. Understand intelligence by examining the mental operations involved in intelligent behavior. Understand intelligence by examining the information processing involved in thinking, changes with experience, and effects in different environments. Understand intelligence by examining test scores, information processing, biological and developmental research, the skills valued by different cultures, and exceptional people. Approach Psychometric Information processing Sternberg’s triarchic theory Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences Method Key Findings or Propositions Performance on many tests of mental abilities is highly correlated, but this correlation, represented by g, reflects a bundle of abilities, not just one trait. The speed of basic processes and the amount of attentional resources available make significant contributions to performance on IQ tests. There are three distinct kinds of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical. IQ tests measure only analytic intelligence, but creative intelligence (which involves dealing with new problems) and practical intelligence (which involves adapting to one’s environment) may also be important to success in school and at work. Biology provides the capacity for eight distinct “intelligences”: linguistic, logical- mathematical, spatial, musical, body- kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalistic.

8. Fig99 32 Average Score Inductive reasoning Spatial ability Verbal ability Numeric ability 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 29 39 46 53 60 67 74 81 88

9. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION How does excessive emotional arousal affect scores on tests of mental ability? (p. 340) MEMORY Is mental retardation mainly a matter of poor memory? (p. 352) RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY Which research designs are best for studying changes in mental abilities as people age ? (p. 346) LINKAGES to Mental Abilities