1. Intelligence and Implants Kevin Warwick University of Reading 14 th September 2007

2. What is Intelligence? Many dictionary definitions – quickness of thought, knowledge, comprehension, gathering information? Many dictionary definitions – quickness of thought, knowledge, comprehension, gathering information? Mental processes sufficient for life. Mental processes sufficient for life. Ability to make appropriate and timely choices. Ability to make appropriate and timely choices.

3. Nature –versus-Nurture How much of our intelligence is due to our genes (programming) and how much is due to learning (the environment)? How much of our intelligence is due to our genes (programming) and how much is due to learning (the environment)? Twin studies Twin studies Adopted siblings Adopted siblings Typical latest – 80/20 in favour of genes/nature. Typical latest – 80/20 in favour of genes/nature.

4. Intelligence Tests An intelligence test measures the degree to which tester and subject think alike – Subjective Intelligence. An intelligence test measures the degree to which tester and subject think alike – Subjective Intelligence. “Everyone is World Champion at some game” (Ross Ashby) – You are the most intelligent person in the world !!! “Everyone is World Champion at some game” (Ross Ashby) – You are the most intelligent person in the world !!! Positive links with examination results though – indicate performance in specific areas. Positive links with examination results though – indicate performance in specific areas.

5. Subjective Intelligence What we regard as being an intelligent act, and what not, is very subjective What we regard as being an intelligent act, and what not, is very subjective Human centred – e.g. jokes Human centred – e.g. jokes Animal centred – bat’s ultrasonic sense Animal centred – bat’s ultrasonic sense Machine centred – maths, memory Machine centred – maths, memory

6. Intelligence Hypersphere Intelligence is not something that can be indicated by a single number (IQ) Intelligence is not something that can be indicated by a single number (IQ) Intelligence is multifacetted Intelligence is multifacetted

7. Can we improve mental performance? What have studies shown thus far? (Orange/Lead) What have studies shown thus far? (Orange/Lead) Fun with IQ tests!!! Fun with IQ tests!!! Two sets of results. Two sets of results. Q1: If I wish to improve my mental performance in the short term – what can I do? Q1: If I wish to improve my mental performance in the short term – what can I do? Q2: Can the food I regularly eat affect my mental performance? Q2: Can the food I regularly eat affect my mental performance?

8. Experiment 1: 200 first year students at Reading University given an IQ test, then an activity + food, then another IQ test. 200 first year students at Reading University given an IQ test, then an activity + food, then another IQ test. How did their results change over that short time period? (IQ points score) How did their results change over that short time period? (IQ points score) Trying to answer the question “What is it best to do immediately before an examination, to maximize your performance?” Trying to answer the question “What is it best to do immediately before an examination, to maximize your performance?”

9. Results - Food Alcohol 0 Alcohol 0 Chocolate -2 Chocolate -2 Coffee +3 Coffee +3 Orange Juice -2 Orange Juice -2 Peanuts +1 Peanuts +1

10. Results - Activity Reading/Swatting -6 Reading/Swatting -6 Listening to classical music -2 Listening to classical music -2 Watching a chat show on TV +5 Watching a chat show on TV +5 Playing with a construction toy -4 Playing with a construction toy -4 Sitting/Chatting -2 Sitting/Chatting -2 Watching a documentary on TV +4 Watching a documentary on TV +4 Walking +1 Walking +1 Meditating +2 Meditating +2 Watching Friends on TV +1 Watching Friends on TV +1 Completing a crossword puzzle 0 Completing a crossword puzzle 0

11. Experiment 2: 50 children (aged 8-11) at Thameside School, Caversham were given regular breakfasts over a one month period. 50 children (aged 8-11) at Thameside School, Caversham were given regular breakfasts over a one month period. They were tested at start/end and during to see how their performance altered. They were tested at start/end and during to see how their performance altered. IQ equivalent tests in numerical ability/word association/shape recognition. IQ equivalent tests in numerical ability/word association/shape recognition.

12. Results – Breakfast Toast + Orange Juice +3 Toast + Orange Juice +3 Bacon Sandwich +3 Bacon Sandwich +3 Control 0 Control 0 Cereal -1 Cereal -1 Eggs (various) -5 Eggs (various) -5

13. On Machine Intelligence What exactly is machine intelligence (AI)? What exactly is machine intelligence (AI)? Raises questions as to what is life. Raises questions as to what is life. Importantly – can machine intelligence ever surpass human intelligence? Importantly – can machine intelligence ever surpass human intelligence?

14. Steven Hawking “In contrast with our intellect, computers double their performance every 18 months.” “In contrast with our intellect, computers double their performance every 18 months.” “The danger is real that they could develop intelligence and take over the world.” “The danger is real that they could develop intelligence and take over the world.” “We must develop as quickly as possible technologies that make a direct connection between brain and computer.” “We must develop as quickly as possible technologies that make a direct connection between brain and computer.”

15. Cyborg studies Is it possible to take the best of human and machine intelligence and combine them? Is it possible to take the best of human and machine intelligence and combine them? Implant technology. Implant technology. Linking human nervous system/brain to the Computer. Linking human nervous system/brain to the Computer. Seeking to combine human and machine intellects. Seeking to combine human and machine intellects.

16. CYBORG 1

19. CYBORG 2

21. Aims To create a closed loop interface between a biological network and a robot Intranet Biological neural network Grown directly on to Multi- electrode array Robot running on powered floor Dimensional ity reduction, storage, spike train analysis Culture – Robot mapping, Machine learning etc.

22. Approach Culture brain cells directly on to a recording surface and re-embody the ‘brain’ within a robotic body. –Multi-Electrode Array (MEA) allows recording from 128 electrodes across the entire culture. Neurone TiN Electrodes 30  m diameter 200  m

23. CYBORG 3

26. CYBORG 4

34. Super Intelligence We can certainly improve our human mental performance to a point – examples given. We can certainly improve our human mental performance to a point – examples given. It is possible for a human to design and build a machine which is capable of solving problems that are far beyond the scope of any human. It is possible for a human to design and build a machine which is capable of solving problems that are far beyond the scope of any human. An intelligent machine network is quite possible. An intelligent machine network is quite possible. Cyborgs also possible – extra-senses, memory upgrades, thought communication etc. Cyborgs also possible – extra-senses, memory upgrades, thought communication etc. Training a Cyborg – just by a software download? Training a Cyborg – just by a software download?

35. Contact Information Web site: www.kevinwarwick.com Web site: www.kevinwarwick.comwww.kevinwarwick.com Email: k.warwick@reading.ac.uk Email: k.warwick@reading.ac.ukk.warwick@reading.ac.uk Tel: (44)-1189-318210 Tel: (44)-1189-318210 Fax: (44)-1189-318220 Fax: (44)-1189-318220 Professor Kevin Warwick, Department of Cybernetics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AY,UK Professor Kevin Warwick, Department of Cybernetics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AY,UK