1. What makes us intelligent Or Not so intelligent
Intelligence
What makes us intelligent Or
Not so intelligent

2. Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Is socially constructed thus…
Can be culturally specific.
According to this definition, are both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?

3. How Do We Measure Individual Differences?
Measuring individual differences is an essential component of psychology, but strict guidelines and ethical standards must be followed to ensure results and conclusions are valid and appropriate
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

4. Reliability
The extent which a test yields consistent results over time.
Spilt halves or test–retest method.

5. Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Content Validity: does the test sample a behavior of interest
Predictive Validity: does the test predict future behavior.
Criterion related validity

6. Is intelligence one thing or several different abilities?
To find out scientists use FACTOR ANALYSIS:
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.
Charles Spearman used FA to discovery his g or (general intelligence).
He saw using FA that doing well in one area of a test predicted that you will do well in another.

7. Standardization and Norms
Scientists use statistics to establish a normal curve
This curve can be used to describe most phenomena
Normal range – Scores falling near the middle of a normal distribution
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

8. The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores
Many
Number of Persons
Normal Range
Few 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
100 IQ
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

9. Assessment Prompt #1
If a test measures the information that was covered during the course, the test is said to have good:
a. Face validity
b. Content validity
c. Criterion validity
d. Predictive validity
e. Reliability
What percentage of scores lie within the normal range in a normal distribution?
a. 34%
b. 100%
c. 68%
d. 50%
e. 42%

10. How is intelligence measured?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

11. How do we Assess Intelligence?
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure out a concept called a mental age (what a person of a particular age should know).
They discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance.
Hoped they could use test to help children, not label them.

12. Terman and his IQ Test
A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ?
A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ?
A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?
Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test.
IQ=Mental age/Chronological age X 100.

13. Problems with the IQ Formula
It does not really work well on adults, why?
If a 60 year old man
does as well as an average 30 year old
then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!
That makes no sense!!!!!

14. Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) consists of 11 subtests and cues us in to strengths by using…..
Factor Analysis

15. Aptitude v. Achievement Tests
A test designed to predict a person’s future performance.
The ability for that person to learn.
Achievement
A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

16. Brain Size and Intelligence Is there a link?
Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size).
Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score.

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Exceptional Child
Mental retardation – Often conceived as representing the lower 2% of the IQ range
Giftedness – Often conceived as representing the upper 2% of the IQ range
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

18. Assessment Prompt #2
On an IQ test, a 6 year old scores a mental age of 8. What is their IQ?
a. 75
b. 80
c. 112
d. 120
e. 133
A child whose IQ is ______ would be classified as _____
a. 60; normal
b. 100; gifted
c. 60; mentally challenged
d. 150; normal
e. 60; gifted

19. Theories of Intelligence

20. Charles Spearman and his G factor
Used factor analysis and discovered that what we see as many different skills is actually one General Intelligence.
If you are good at one subject you are usually good at many others.
Jack Bauer is good at torturing, bomb defusing, shooting, figuring out evil plots and saving the country (and he is good looking). Is there anything he cannot do?

21. Psychometric Theories of Intelligence
Crystallized intelligence – The knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge
Fluid intelligence – The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

22. Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences.
He came up with the idea by studying savants (a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area).

23. Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences
Gardner believed that there exists at least 7 different types of intelligences.
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Body-kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Naturalist

24. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Often measured on IQ tests with reading comprehension and vocabulary tests
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

25. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Often measured on IQ tests with analogies, math problems and logic problems
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

26. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Ability to form mental images of objects and think about their relationships in space
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

27. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Ability to perceive and create patterns of rhythms and pitches
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

28. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Ability for controlled movement and coordination
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

29. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Ability to understand other people’s emotions, motives and actions
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

30. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Ability to know oneself and to develop a sense of identity
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

31. Sternberg’s Three Aspects of Intelligence (The Triarchic Theory)
Gardner Simplified
Analytical (academic problem solving).
Creative (generating novel ideas)
Practical (required for everyday tasks where multiple solutions exist).

32. Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
First called social intelligence.
The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ
Goleman

33. Assessment Prompt #3
The concept of ______ was denoted by the symbol “g” by Charles Spearman
a. Giftedness
b. General intelligence
c. Gender
d. Genetics
e. Genius
According to Sternberg, Picasso would score high on ______ intelligence
a. Creative
b. Analytic
c. Experiential
d. Practival
e. triarchic

34. Brain Function and Intelligence
Higher performing brains use less active than lower performing brains (use less glucose).
Neurological speed is also a bit quicker.

35. How do we construct an Intelligence Test?
Standardized: the questions have been piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution.
Reliable: Test-Retest, Split-halves Methods.
Validity: Content, Predictive or Construct.

36. Standardization
The test must be pre-tested to a representative sample of people and
Form a normal distribution or bell curve

37. Flynn Effect

38. Does Intelligence Change Over Time?
By age 3, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores.
Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

39. Extremes of Intelligence

40. Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
Scarr and Wienberg
The Bell curve is different for Whites v. Black.
Math scores are different across genders and the highest scores are for Asian males.
Why?
Nature or Nurture

41. How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups?
Hereditarian arguments maintain that intelligence is substantially influenced by genetics
Environmental approaches argue that intelligence can be dramatically shaped by influences such as
Health
Economics
Education
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

42. Heritability and Group Differences
Heritability – Amount of trait variation within a group, raised under the same conditions, that can be attributed to genetic differences
Heritability says nothing about between-group differences
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

43. Heritability and Group Differences
Research with twins and adopted children shows genetic influences on a wide range of attributes, including intelligence
Research has also shown that racial and class differences in IQ scores can be eliminated by environmental changes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

44. Test Bias? Tests do discriminate.
But some argue that their sole purpose is to discriminate.
We have to look at the type of discrimination.

45. Assessment Prompt #4
An example of _____ is a person who expects to do poorly on a math test, and then does poorly
a. An accurate “g”
b. Divergent thinking
c. Chrystalized intelligence
d. Lack on interpersonal intelligence
e. A self-fulfilling prophesy
The research of Scarr and Wienberg point to the fact that _____ can have a huge effect on IQ
a. Heredity
b. Environment
c. Siblings
d. Genes
e. Nature