1. KINGDOM PLANTAE - TAXONOMY ALGAL Phyla Rhodophyta – Red Algae Phaeophyta – Brown Algae Chlorophyta – Green Algae Bryophyta - Mosses Tracheophyta – Vascular Plants Subphylum – Pteridophyta - Ferns Subphylum Spermopsida – Seed Plants Gymnosperms – Naked Seeded Angiosperms – Enclosed Seeded Monocots Dicots

2. GYMNOSPERMS Phylum Tracheophyta -Subphylum Spermopsida – “Sperm” = “Seed” CYCADS – 100 Species CONIFERS- most successful Gymnosperms GINKOS – 1 species remains

3. Look Familiar?

4. GYMNOSPERMS- “Naked Seeded” Most Common Class – The Conifers Typical coniferous forest primarily spruce, fir and pine. Not all coniferous forests have the same appearance, some conifers are better suited for a warmer wetter climate.

5. This is an old- growth coniferous forest consisting of Giant Sequoia trees. This type of tree prefers more precipitation than most of the conifers in the Okanagan

6. CAUTION WATCH FOR FALLING LUMBER

7. Did you ever go back and study your family TREE?

8. Anyone ever been to CAPILANO SUSPENSION BRIDGE – North Vancouver?

9. Here is a coniferous forest located in a temperate rainforest. In a temperate rainforest there is year-round precipitation through four seasons; typically warm summers and cool winters

10. CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO CONIFERS “Conifer” – Means “Cone Bearer”. Leaves are adapted to take needle shape, a thick cuticle and reduced surface area allows conifers to grow in dry cold climates without losing too much water. Almost all conifers are evergreens : They do NOT shed their needles seasonally. Deciduous trees shed their leaves

11. Conifer wood has growth rings of XYLEM The meristematic tissue called VASCULAR CAMBIUM produces XYLEM to the inside and PHLOEM to the outside.

12. AGING A TREE A Forestry Technician uses a tree borer to take out a tree core sample

13. There are two types of Xylem rings. Spring Wood (Xylem) is a lighter colour. -In the springtime rapid cell division gives rise to very large cells. Summer Wood (Xylem) is darker. - In summer tissue grows slower and cells are more compact

14. THE CONE BEARERS Mature female (ovulate) cone

15. Several female cones on a Ponderosa Pine- Very common conifer to the Okanagan Clusters of female cones on a Spruce Tree

16. What’s Wrong With This Picture? This is a European Larch a close relative to a Tamarack. Its still a conifer (cone- bearer) but its not a true “EVERGREEN” Male Cone Female Cone

17. Conifers can be classified by the following: Characteristics of the bark Needle shape, length and texture Cone size, shape and scale patterns These cones with the little tags sticking out from the scales is characteristic of FIR cones

18. Ponderosa Pine Blue Spruce FirCedar

19. Douglas Fir Western Cedar Ponderosa Pine – Should look very familiar next time you are around Knox Mountain

20. A Renewable Resource Properties: LIGHT but very STRONG These properties make it a perfect building material http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =q3554jk38qU

21. Clear Cut Logging Erosion of Soil We need trees but need to be careful in logging practices and reforestation.