1. Classification III: Kingdom Plantae AP Biology

2. Kingdom Plantae Plants had to adapt to life outside water to prevent drying out, still allow gametes to travel, and prevent UV radiation damage Plants had to adapt to life outside water to prevent drying out, still allow gametes to travel, and prevent UV radiation damage Dipoid sporophyte generation: 2 copies of each chromosome allow recessive mutations to be masked Dipoid sporophyte generation: 2 copies of each chromosome allow recessive mutations to be masked Cuticle: waxy covering to prevent dessication Cuticle: waxy covering to prevent dessication Vascular system: water distribution throughout the plant, later xylem for water & phloem for food Vascular system: water distribution throughout the plant, later xylem for water & phloem for food Pollen: gametes packaged for easy delivery Pollen: gametes packaged for easy delivery Ovary: protection for gametophytes Ovary: protection for gametophytes Seasonal variation: deciduous and desert annuals Seasonal variation: deciduous and desert annuals

3. Phylum: 1. Bryophyta Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Produce haploid spores via meiosis (wind borne) Produce haploid spores via meiosis (wind borne) Lack vascular system Lack vascular system No true roots, true stems, or true leaves No true roots, true stems, or true leaves Remain small Remain small Water must be available for absorption through surface tissues and as a transport medium for sperm (flagellated) Water must be available for absorption through surface tissues and as a transport medium for sperm (flagellated)

4. Bryophyta

5. Tracheophytes (vascular plants) The next divisions are vascular plants The next divisions are vascular plants Possess xylem and phloem Possess xylem and phloem Have true roots, stems and leaves Have true roots, stems and leaves In first 3: Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta In first 3: Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta Produce flagellated sperm which swim to fertilize the eggs Produce flagellated sperm which swim to fertilize the eggs Diploid zygote produced, which grows in to the sporophyte Diploid zygote produced, which grows in to the sporophyte

6. Phylum: 2. Lycophyta 2 Groups: 2 Groups: 1. Now extinct: woody trees common in Carboniferous period (300 mya) 1. Now extinct: woody trees common in Carboniferous period (300 mya) 2. Tropical epiphytes (plants that live on other plants) and small herbaceous plants (club mosses) 2. Tropical epiphytes (plants that live on other plants) and small herbaceous plants (club mosses)

7. Phylum: 3. Sphenophyta Extinct woody trees common during Carboniferous period Extinct woody trees common during Carboniferous period Horsetails Horsetails Hollow, ribbed stems that are jointed at nodes Hollow, ribbed stems that are jointed at nodes Nodes produce small scale-like leaves and sometimes branches Nodes produce small scale-like leaves and sometimes branches Bushy branches give the appearance of a horsetail Bushy branches give the appearance of a horsetail Stems, branches and leaves are green and photosynthetic Stems, branches and leaves are green and photosynthetic

8. Sphenophyta

9. Phylum: 4. Pterophyta Ferns Ferns Clusters of sporangia called sori develop on the undersurface of fern fronds Clusters of sporangia called sori develop on the undersurface of fern fronds Sporangia undergo meiosis and produce spores Sporangia undergo meiosis and produce spores

10. Seed Plants Two kinds of spores produced: male & female Two kinds of spores produced: male & female Microsporangia produce microspores (male) Microsporangia produce microspores (male) Macrosporangia produce macrospores (female) Macrosporangia produce macrospores (female) Microspores produce 4 haploid cells that mature into pollen Microspores produce 4 haploid cells that mature into pollen Megaspores produce 1 surviving haploid megaspore which becomes 1 egg (flowering plants) or 2 eggs (conifers) Megaspores produce 1 surviving haploid megaspore which becomes 1 egg (flowering plants) or 2 eggs (conifers) When pollen contacts the megasporangium, a tube directs the pollen to the egg When pollen contacts the megasporangium, a tube directs the pollen to the egg

11. Phylum: 5. Coniferophyta Conifers (“cone-bearing”): pines, firs, spruce, junipers, redwoods, cedars, and others Conifers (“cone-bearing”): pines, firs, spruce, junipers, redwoods, cedars, and others Male and female reproductive structures are in pollen-bearing male cones and ovule-bearing female cones Male and female reproductive structures are in pollen-bearing male cones and ovule-bearing female cones Gymnosperms: “naked seeds” Gymnosperms: “naked seeds” Fertilization and seed development is lengthy, requiring 1-3 years Fertilization and seed development is lengthy, requiring 1-3 years

12. Conifers

13. Phylum: 6. Anthophyta Angiosperms (flowering plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) Parts of the flower: Parts of the flower: Carpel (or pistil): female reproductive structure Carpel (or pistil): female reproductive structure Ovary, Style, & Stigma Ovary, Style, & Stigma Stamen: male reproductive structure Stamen: male reproductive structure Anther (pollen-bearing), Filament (stalk) Anther (pollen-bearing), Filament (stalk) Petals & sometime Sepals function to attract pollinators Petals & sometime Sepals function to attract pollinators

15. Angiosperm Flowers The flower is a major evolutionary advancement: The flower is a major evolutionary advancement: Special adaptation to attract pollinators Special adaptation to attract pollinators Ovules are protected inside an ovary Ovules are protected inside an ovary Ovary develops into a fruit which fosters the dispersal of seeds by wind, insects, birds, mammals, and other animals Ovary develops into a fruit which fosters the dispersal of seeds by wind, insects, birds, mammals, and other animals

16. Angiosperm Fertilization Pollen lands on sticky stigma Pollen lands on sticky stigma Pollen tube grows down style toward ovule Pollen tube grows down style toward ovule 2 sperm cells inside the pollen tube 2 sperm cells inside the pollen tube 1 diploid nucleus formed, and 1 triploid nucleus formed (becomes endosperm); this is called double fertilization 1 diploid nucleus formed, and 1 triploid nucleus formed (becomes endosperm); this is called double fertilization Endosperm provides nourishment for embryo and seedling Endosperm provides nourishment for embryo and seedling

17. Angiosperms Additional advancements: Additional advancements: More specialized vascular tissues More specialized vascular tissues Numerous variations in habit and growth Numerous variations in habit and growth Result: advanced survival ability in a variety of environmental conditions Result: advanced survival ability in a variety of environmental conditions

18. Kingdom Plantae

19. Angiosperm Groups Divided into monocots & dicots Divided into monocots & dicots

20. Plant Tissues Ground Tissues Ground Tissues Parenchyma cells: storage, photosynthesis, secretion Parenchyma cells: storage, photosynthesis, secretion Collenchyma cells: mechanical support Collenchyma cells: mechanical support Sclerenchyma cells: also mechanical support Sclerenchyma cells: also mechanical support Dermal Tissue Dermal Tissue Epidermis cells: secrete waxy cuticle Epidermis cells: secrete waxy cuticle Vascular Tissue Vascular Tissue Xylem: conducts water/minerals Xylem: conducts water/minerals Phloem: conducts sugar/starches produced in photosynthesis Phloem: conducts sugar/starches produced in photosynthesis

21. Roots and Shoots Most growth occurs at the tips of roots and shoots Most growth occurs at the tips of roots and shoots Apical meristems: area of primary growth Apical meristems: area of primary growth Primary growth: gives plants height, length in roots at apical meristems Primary growth: gives plants height, length in roots at apical meristems Secondary growth: widens plant girth Secondary growth: widens plant girth

22. Monocot Root

23. Dicot Root

24. Monocot Stem

25. Dicot Stem

26. Leaves

27. Cohesion-Tension Theory