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AP Biology Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya
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AP Biology The first plants For more than 3 billion years, Earth’s terrestrial surface was lifeless life evolved in the seas 1st photosynthetic organisms were aquatic green algae Chlamydomonas
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AP Biology Present day relatives to ancient plants Spirogyra Coleochaete Chara Volvox Protists
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AP Biology Evolution of Land Plants 500 mya land plants evolved special adaptations for life on dry land protection from drying = desiccation waxy cuticle gas exchange (through cuticle) stomates water & nutrient conducting systems xylem & phloem protection for embryo seeds
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AP Biology Plant Diversity Bryophytes non-vascular land plants Pteridophytes seedless vascular plants Gymnosperm pollen & “naked” seeds Angiosperm flowers & fruit seed plants vascular plants mossesferns conifersflowering plants colonization of land
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AP Biology Animal vs. Plant life cycle diploid multicellular 2n diploid multicellular sporophyte 2n haploid multicellular gametophyte 1n haploid unicellular gametes 1n spores 1n gametes 1n AnimalPlant alternation of generations meiosis fertilization mitosis meiosis mitosis fertilization
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AP Biology First land plants Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts non-vascular no water transport system no true roots swimming sperm flagellated sperm lifecycle dominated by haploid gametophyte stage fuzzy moss plant you are familiar with is haploid spores for reproduction haploid cells which sprout to form gametophyte diploidhaploid Where must mosses live?
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AP Biology Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts
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AP Biology Peat Bog “Peat Moss”
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AP Biology First vascular plants Pteridophytes: ferns vascular water transport system xylem, phloem, roots, leaves swimming sperm flagellated sperm life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage leafy fern plant you are familiar with is diploid fragile gametophyte spores for reproduction haploid cells which sprout to form gametophyte diploid haploid Where must ferns live?
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AP Biology Pteridophytes: Ferns SelaginellaPsilotum HorsetailsFerns
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AP Biology Alternation of generations Fern gametophyte (1n) small haploid plant which produces gametes homospory: male & female on same plant archegonia antheridia
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AP Biology diploid Alternation of generations haploid produces male & female gametes
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AP Biology Early Pteridophytes: Tree Ferns Carboniferous forest – 290-350 mya Forests of seedless plants decayed into deposits of coal & oil Fossil fuels… I get it!
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AP Biology Pteridophytes: Tree ferns With fronds like these who needs enemies!
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AP Biology First seed plants Gymnosperm: conifers vascular heterospory male vs. female gametophytes seeds naked seeds (no fruit) pollen contain male gametophyte life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage coniferous trees you are familiar with are diploid reduced (microscopic) gametophyte reduction of gametophyte protects delicate egg & embryo in protective sporophyte protected from drought & UV radiation
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AP Biology Early Gymnosperm: ginkgo
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AP Biology Early Gymnosperm: cycads
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AP Biology Gymnosperm: conifers
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AP Biology Cones & naked seeds
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AP Biology male female male (pollen) cones female cones sporangium & pollen pine embryo
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AP Biology Pollen Pollen eliminated the requirement for water for fertilization spread through wind & animal Where can conifers live?
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AP Biology First flowering plants Angiosperm: flowering plants vascular heterospory male vs. female gametophytes flower specialized structure for sexual reproduction seeds within fruit pollen life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage trees & bushes you are familiar with are diploid reduced (microscopic) gametophyte
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AP Biology Angiosperm: flowering plants
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AP Biology Angiosperm life cycle female gametophyte in ovary (haploid) male gametophyte in pollen (haploid) sporophyte in seed (diploid) fertilization Polar nuclei Egg cell Pollen grains
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AP Biology Anther Filament Stamen Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Sepal Petal Ovule sepals petals Flower Modified shoot with 4 rings of modified leaves sepals petals stamens male carpel female stamens carpel
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AP Biology Identify the flower structures…
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AP Biology Flower variations
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AP Biology Co-evolution: flowers & pollinators How a bee sees a flower…insects see UV light = a bulls-eye to the nectar
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AP Biology Angiosperm: fruiting plants
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AP Biology Other fruits…
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AP Biology Seed & Plant embryo Seed offers… protection for embryo stored nutrients for growth of embryo seed coat endosperm cotyledons embryo cotyledons = “seed” leaves, first leaves of new plant cotyledons = “seed” leaves, first leaves of new plant
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AP Biology Monocots & dicots Angiosperm are divide into 2 classes dicots (eudicot) 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) leaves with network of veins woody plants, trees, shrubs, beans monocots 1 cotyledon leaves with parallel veins grasses, palms, lilies
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AP Biology Modified from: Kim Foglia, Explore Biology
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