2. AP Biology Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya

3. AP Biology The first plants  For more than 3 billion years, Earth’s terrestrial surface was lifeless  life evolved in the seas  1st photosynthetic organisms were aquatic green algae Chlamydomonas

4. AP Biology Present day relatives to ancient plants Spirogyra Coleochaete Chara Volvox Protists

5. AP Biology Evolution of Land Plants  500 mya land plants evolved  special adaptations for life on dry land  protection from drying = desiccation  waxy cuticle  gas exchange (through cuticle)  stomates  water & nutrient conducting systems  xylem & phloem  protection for embryo  seeds

6. AP Biology Plant Diversity Bryophytes non-vascular land plants Pteridophytes seedless vascular plants Gymnosperm pollen & “naked” seeds Angiosperm flowers & fruit seed plants vascular plants mossesferns conifersflowering plants colonization of land

7. AP Biology Animal vs. Plant life cycle diploid multicellular 2n diploid multicellular sporophyte 2n haploid multicellular gametophyte 1n haploid unicellular gametes 1n spores 1n gametes 1n AnimalPlant alternation of generations meiosis fertilization mitosis meiosis mitosis fertilization

8. AP Biology First land plants  Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts  non-vascular  no water transport system  no true roots  swimming sperm  flagellated sperm  lifecycle dominated by haploid gametophyte stage  fuzzy moss plant you are familiar with is haploid  spores for reproduction  haploid cells which sprout to form gametophyte diploidhaploid Where must mosses live?

9. AP Biology Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts

10. AP Biology Peat Bog “Peat Moss”

11. AP Biology First vascular plants  Pteridophytes: ferns  vascular  water transport system  xylem, phloem, roots, leaves  swimming sperm  flagellated sperm  life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage  leafy fern plant you are familiar with is diploid  fragile gametophyte  spores for reproduction  haploid cells which sprout to form gametophyte diploid haploid Where must ferns live?

12. AP Biology Pteridophytes: Ferns SelaginellaPsilotum HorsetailsFerns

13. AP Biology Alternation of generations  Fern gametophyte (1n)  small haploid plant which produces gametes  homospory: male & female on same plant archegonia antheridia

14. AP Biology diploid Alternation of generations haploid produces male & female gametes

15. AP Biology Early Pteridophytes: Tree Ferns Carboniferous forest – 290-350 mya Forests of seedless plants decayed into deposits of coal & oil Fossil fuels… I get it!

16. AP Biology Pteridophytes: Tree ferns With fronds like these who needs enemies!

17. AP Biology First seed plants  Gymnosperm: conifers  vascular  heterospory  male vs. female gametophytes  seeds  naked seeds (no fruit)  pollen  contain male gametophyte  life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage  coniferous trees you are familiar with are diploid  reduced (microscopic) gametophyte  reduction of gametophyte protects delicate egg & embryo in protective sporophyte  protected from drought & UV radiation

18. AP Biology Early Gymnosperm: ginkgo

19. AP Biology Early Gymnosperm: cycads

20. AP Biology Gymnosperm: conifers

21. AP Biology Cones & naked seeds

22. AP Biology male female male (pollen) cones female cones sporangium & pollen pine embryo

23. AP Biology Pollen  Pollen eliminated the requirement for water for fertilization  spread through wind & animal Where can conifers live?

24. AP Biology First flowering plants  Angiosperm: flowering plants  vascular  heterospory  male vs. female gametophytes  flower  specialized structure for sexual reproduction  seeds within fruit  pollen  life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage  trees & bushes you are familiar with are diploid  reduced (microscopic) gametophyte

25. AP Biology Angiosperm: flowering plants

26. AP Biology Angiosperm life cycle female gametophyte in ovary (haploid) male gametophyte in pollen (haploid) sporophyte in seed (diploid) fertilization Polar nuclei Egg cell Pollen grains

27. AP Biology Anther Filament Stamen Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Sepal Petal Ovule sepals petals Flower  Modified shoot with 4 rings of modified leaves  sepals  petals  stamens  male  carpel  female stamens carpel

28. AP Biology Identify the flower structures…

29. AP Biology Flower variations

30. AP Biology Co-evolution: flowers & pollinators How a bee sees a flower…insects see UV light = a bulls-eye to the nectar

31. AP Biology Angiosperm: fruiting plants

32. AP Biology Other fruits…

33. AP Biology Seed & Plant embryo  Seed offers…  protection for embryo  stored nutrients for growth of embryo seed coat endosperm cotyledons embryo cotyledons = “seed” leaves, first leaves of new plant cotyledons = “seed” leaves, first leaves of new plant

34. AP Biology Monocots & dicots  Angiosperm are divide into 2 classes  dicots (eudicot)  2 cotyledons (seed leaves)  leaves with network of veins  woody plants, trees, shrubs, beans  monocots  1 cotyledon  leaves with parallel veins  grasses, palms, lilies

35. AP Biology Modified from: Kim Foglia, Explore Biology