1. Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16  Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants  Mosses (Bryophytes)  Ferns  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms o Importance of Plant Diversity  Fungi o Characteristics o Types

2. Colonizing Land Plants –Are terrestrial organisms. –Are multicellular eukaryotes that make organic molecules by photosynthesis (photoautotrophs). Living on land poses different problems than living in water does. –Plants require structural specializations, such as roots and shoots.

3. Figure 16.2 Anatomy of a Plant and Terrestrial Adaptations

4. Leaves –Are the main photosynthetic organs of most plants. –Have stomata for gas exchange. –Contain vascular tissue for transporting vital materials.

5. Reproductive Adaptations Plants produce their gametes in protective structures called gametangia. In plants, but not algae, the zygote develops into an embryo while still contained within the female parent.

6. Alternation of Generations Seen in Plant Life Cycles Both the diploid and the haploid life stages are multicellular

7. Molecular comparisons and other evidence place a group of green algae called charophyceans closest to plants. Plants evolved from a water-based algae. Where Did Land Plants Come From?

8. Figure 16.7 Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in Plant Evolution

9. Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16  Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants  Mosses (Bryophytes)  Ferns  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms o Importance of Plant Diversity  Fungi o Characteristics  Ecological Impact

10. Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts) Mosses –Have no true roots (filamentous rhizoids instead: terrestrial adaptation) –Lack vascular tissue –Must live in or near standing water –Have a waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration (major terrestrial adaptations) –Developing embryonic plants are retained within the gametangium (ovary) of the mother plant –Have a dominant gametophyte (1n) generation

11. Figure 16.8 Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants

12. Figure 16.10 Mosses Have a Dominant Gametophyte (1n) Generation or Life Stage Moss Life Cycle

13. Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16  Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants  Mosses (Bryophytes)  Ferns  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms o Importance of Plant Diversity  Fungi o Characteristics  Ecological Impact

14. Figure 16.7 Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in Plant Evolution

15. Ferns –Have true roots –Have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) –Must have water nearby during reproduction –Forms haploid spores that germinate into tiny haploid gametophyte –Dominant sporophyte (2n) generation –Formed huge swamp forests about 360-250 million years ago (Carboniferous Period)  fossil fuels

16. Figure 16.11 Adult Ferns, Shoots, and Reproductive Structures

17. Ferns Have a Dominant Sporophyte (2n) Generation 2n 1n

18. Figure 16.12 Swampy Fern-Tree Forests Common 300 Million Years Ago Fern Life Cycle

19. Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16  Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants  Mosses (Bryophytes)  Ferns  Gymnosperms (Conifers)  Angiosperms o Importance of Plant Diversity  Fungi o Characteristics  Ecological Impact

20. Figure 16.7 Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in Plant Evolution

21. Gymnosperms (Mostly All Cone-Bearing Plants) A drier, colder climate at the end of the Carboniferous period favored the evolution of gymnosperms, the first seed plants. The descendants of early gymnosperms –Include the conifers, cone-bearing plants. Gymnosperms have: –Needle-like or scale-like leaves –Male and female cones to make pollen and eggs –“Naked” ovaries within cones (not fully enclosed by tissue) –Eggs develop into seeds –Wind pollinated, form winged seeds –Dominant diploid (sporophyte) generation –Persistent leaves (evergreen)

22. Gymnosperm (Conifer) Needles and Leaves Arrangements of needles on a stem

23. Figure 16.13 Most Gymnosperms Are Evergreen and Reproduce with Cones

24. Figure 16.16 The Ovaries in a Female Cone are “Naked” or Incompletely Housed By Integument Tissue Pine Life Cycle

25. Figure 16.14 Gymnosperms Have a Dominant Sporophyte Generation (e.g. Adult Trees) Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms

26. Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16  Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants  Mosses (Bryophytes)  Ferns  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) o Importance of Plant Diversity  Fungi o Characteristics  Ecological Impact

27. Angiosperms –Supply nearly all of our food and much of our fiber for textiles. More efficient water transport and the evolution of the flower help account for the success of the angiosperms. Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) have: –Flowers (both sex parts) instead of cones –Seeds inside enclosed ovaries –Seeds that are further embedded in nutritious tissue within fruits –Broad and flattened leaves which are deciduous –A dominant sporophyte (diploid) generation –Are usually animal pollinated (some wind)

28. Figure 16.17 Bee Pollinating Anatomy of a Flower

29. Angiosperm (Flowering Plant) Leaves Are Broad and Flattened

30. Figure 16.18 The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm (Sporophyte Dominant) 2n 1n Plant Fertilization Seed Development Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse) Fruit Development

31. The seed being enclosed within an ovary distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms. Angiosperm Fruits Are Fleshy A fruit is a ripened ovary that helps protect the seed and increase its dispersal Flowering/Fert Seeds Fruit

32. Figure 16.19 Seed Dispersal Strategies of Plants

33. Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16  Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants  Mosses (Bryophytes)  Ferns  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms o Importance of Plant Diversity  Fungi o Characteristics o Types

34. Fungi Characteristics of Fungi: –Eukaryotic, and most are multicellular. –Cell walls of the polysaccharide chitin –Chemoheterotrophic nutrition, 30% are parasitic –Constructed of thin filaments called hyphae that form mycelia –Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually. –Include the molds, yeasts, and club fungi (mushrooms) –Fungi are extremely important to ecosystems because they decompose and recycle organic materials.

35. Figure 16.20 Diverse Forms Within Kingdom Fungi

36. Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16  Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants  Mosses (Bryophytes)  Ferns  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms o Importance of Plant Diversity  Fungi o Characteristics o Types

37. Figure 16.21 Club Fungi: The Mushrooms

38. Molds: Mats of Mycelia Fungal Reproduction and Nutrition Some molds, like Penicillium produce antibacterial chemicals (antibiotics)

39. Yeast: Single-celled fungi Saccharomyces cerevesiae: baker’s and brewer’s yeast Candida albicans: pathogenic yeast causing vaginal yeast infections and systemic candidiasis in AIDS patients

40. Parasitic Fungi Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about 30% make their living as parasites.

41. Figure 16.3 Most Plants Have Mycorrhizae Fungi On Their Roots

42. Lichens –Are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae. –Are an example of a cooperative living arrangment called mutualism. Lichens Are Classified As Fungi But Are Part Protistan

43. Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16  Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants  Mosses (Bryophytes)  Ferns  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms o Importance of Plant Diversity  Fungi o Characteristics o Types