1. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Warm Up  What is the difference between a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?  What is the purpose of fruit for plants?  What is the function of the xylem and phloem?

2. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 KINGDOM PLANTAE Overview of Plant Diversity Chapter 22

3. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Kingdom Plantae

4. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 INTRODUCING PLANTS Section 22-1

5. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Criteria for Kingdom Plantae  Cell type: Eukaryotes.  Cell number: Multicellular.  Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose.  Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic.  Carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b.  Develop from multicellular embryos.  Some are parasitic or saprobes.

6. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Plant Life Cycle Textbook, page 552 All plants have a life cycle with alternation of generations, in which the haploid gametophyte phase alternates with the diploid sporophyte phase.

7. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations!  Haploid (N) –Gametophyte plant (N) –Produces either sperm or eggs.  (gametes = reproductive cells)  Diploid (2N) –The sperm and egg join to create the Sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid. –egg and sperm join to create spores by meiosis.

8. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Plant Survival  For energy, the plants use ________.  Raw materials for photosynthesis, are _________ and _______,so those are absolute necessities.  To make new plant parts, ________ from the soil are needed.  For cellular respiration, ____ is needed.  Must have the ability to _______ water and nutrients to all parts of the plant.

9. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Early Plants  The first plants evolved from an organism much like the multicellular green algae living today.  What was the greatest challenge to plants as they began to live on land?

10. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Evolutionary Cladogram of Plants

11. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Groups of Plants  Bryophytes: non-vascular, mosses.  Ferns: vascular, seedless plants.  Gymnosperms: vascular, seed plants.  Angiosperms: vascular, flowering seed plants.

12. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Evolutionary Development  Vascular: water-conducting tissue.  Seeds  Seeds enclosed in fruit.

13. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Overview of the Plant Kingdom

14. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 BRYOPHYTES Section 22-2

15. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Bryophytes  Life cycles depend on water for reproduction.  No vascular tissue.  Examples are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.  Sphagnum moss alive is used in gardening, and when compacted (peat) it’s used for fuel.

16. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Lycophyta: Club Mosses  Once grew as huge (35 m) trees.  One of the main components of coal.  True leaves, stems, and roots.  Need moist woodlands.  Example: Lycopodium.

17. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Arthrophyta: Horsetail  Only one species still extant.  Grows to about 1 meter.  True leaves, stems, and roots.  Stems contain silica and were used for scouring pots.  Example: Equisetum

18. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Typical Moss Plant Capsule Stalk Leaflike Structure Stemlike Structure Rhizoid Sporophyte Gametophyte

19. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 FERNS: Seedless Vascular Plants Section 22-3

20. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Pterophyta: Ferns  Seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails and ferns.  Leaves are called fronds.  Stem is an underground rhizome with roots.  Found in moist, shaded forest areas.  Sporangia form on underside of frond.

21. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Life Cycle of a Moss

22. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 What developed between plant divisions 1 and 2? Vascular Tissue developed!

23. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Vascular Tissue  Vascular tissue: specialize tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.  Tracheids are specialized cells that can move fluids through the plant body, even against the flow of water: –Xylem (moves water upward). –Phloem (moves nutrients and carbohydrates throughout the plant).

24. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Typical Fern Plant

25. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Life Cycle of a Fern

26. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 GYMNOSPERMS: Seed Plants Section 22-4

27. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Gymnosperms: Cone Bearers  Includes gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers.  Means “naked seed”.  Adapted so that seed can survive in dry and extreme temperatures.

28. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Reproduction Free from Water  Second evolutionary development of plants = seeds.  Adaptations that allows seed plants to reproduce without water include: –Flowers and cones. –Transfer of sperm by pollination. –Protection of embryos in seeds.  Necessary to meet the challenges of surviving on land.

29. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Diagram of a Pine Seed Embryo Endosperm Seed Coat

30. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Reproduction  Germination: early growth stage of a plant embryo.  Dormancy: period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing.  Features that allow seeds to reproduce without water: –Reproduction in cones. –Movement of gametes by pollination. –Protection of embryo in a seed.

31. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Pollination  Transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.

32. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Adaptations  Needles  Winged Seeds

33. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Gnetophytes  Just three genera.  Produces only two large, leathery leaves.  Cones are formed at the base of the 2 leaves.  Example: Welwitschia.

34. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Cycadophyta: Cycads  Palm-like plants that reproduce with large cones.  Date back to 225 million years ago.  Only nine genera.  Example: –Sego palm

35. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Ginkophyta: Ginkoes  Only one species extant, Ginko biloba.  Looks like the fossil remains of its ancestors, so true “living fossil”.  Resistant to pollution so it is used in cities for shade.

36. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Coniferophyta: Conifers  Most common gymnosperm.  Includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, and yews.  Bristle cones can live 4 000+ years.  Shed needles (leaves) throughout year so stay green (evergreens).  Needles adapted for dry, cool conditions with waxy coating, reduced surface area, cavities below leaf for gas exchange.

37. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 ANGIOSPERMS: Flowering Plants Section 22-5

38. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Anthophyta: Angiosperms  Dominate plant life.  Appeared about 135 million years ago.  Last evolutionary development of plants.  Developed reproductive organs: flowers. –Ovaries (fruit) which protect the seeds –Attract animals which help with pollination

39. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Diversity of Angiosperms  Can be classified into: 1.Stems: herbaceous vs. woody 2.Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials 3.monocotyledon vs. dicotyledon

40. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Monocots vs. Dicots

41. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Lifespans  Annuals –Complete life cycle in one year  Biennials –Life cycle takes 2 years  Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves  Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers  Perennials –Live through many years  May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses)  Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle)

42. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Examples of Monocotyledons (Liliopsida)  Grasses which include grains such as corn and wheat.  Lilies  Orchids  Palms

43. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Examples of Dicotylendons (Magnoliopsida)  Roses  Mallows  Tomatoes  Oaks  Daisies

44. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Test Yourself: Monocot or Dicot? A BC D E

45. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012

46. PLANT PARTS

47. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Roots

48. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Roots

49. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Stems  Woody: –Thick cell walls that support the plant –Trees, shrubs, and vines  Herbaceous: –Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic pressure (turgor) –Dandilions, zinnias, petunias

50. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Stems

51. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Leaves

52. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Leaves

53. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Leaves

54. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Flowers

55. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Flowers

56. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2012 Trophisms