2. The seed was major step in the evolution of land plants. It allowed plants to be able to colonize dryer areas of land.

3. Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include flowers or cones, the transfer of sperm by pollination, and the protection of embryos in seeds.

4. C ones are the structures on plants such as pine cones that contain the seeds Flowers are the seed bearing structures on plants like oak trees and rose bushes.

5. Pollen is the structure that contains the sperm of the plant. Pollen can be transferred from one flower to another in several ways. What are some ways that pollen can be transferred?

6. Seeds are multicellular structures that contain the developing embryo of a plant. The seeds also contains a stored food supply for the embryo. A seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo as it grows. Find video of seed growth

7. As landmasses on Earth became dryer seed plants invaded these areas and eventually become the dominant land plant.

8. All members of this group have “naked” seeds – seeds are not enclosed/protected by fruit. Gnetophytes – reproductive scales are clustered into cones

9. Cycads – palmlike plants that reproduce with large cones

10. Ginkgoes – phylum contains only one extant specie(Ginkgo biloba)

11. Conifers are the most recognizable and most common gymnosperm

12. The specialized leaves (needles) of conifers are adapted to dry, cool environments. The shape of the needle reduces water loss. They have a thick waxy cuticle on the surface of the needles that also reduces water loss. Needles contain a lot of resin which reduces the number of herbivores that will eat them because they taste so bad. Holes for gas exchange are sunken, this reduces water loss.

13. The majority of the members of this phylum have seeds that are enclosed in fruits. Different flower parts give rise the different parts of the fruit.

14. Flowers contain the reproductive organs of angiosperms. What evolutionary advantage does a flower give an angiosperm?

15. Fertilization is when the sperm and egg unite. During seed development the ovary develops into the fruit.

16. The fruit of angiosperms is a wall of tissue surrounding the seed. Fruits are another evolutionary advantage for the success of this group.

17. Monocots vs. Dicots – named for the number of seed leaves/cotyledons in the plant embryo. Monoctos have one, Dicots have two Fig. 22-25

18. Monocots vs. Dicots – (con’t)