1. How do organisms get their energy?
A. Autotrophs - use sun’s energy directly (plants)
B. Heterotrophs - obtain energy by the
foods they eat. (animals)

2. * all organisms use the energy from the

3. Heterotroph or Autotroph?

4. Photosynthesis
Process of converting CO2 and H2O, in presence of the sun, into glucose and releasing O2

5. Steps of Photosynthesis
1. The pigment chlorophyll captures in the chloroplasts.
2. Energy from the sun is then temporarily stored in the energy storing compounds ATP and NADPH

6. 3. The ATP and NADPH is then used to power the Calvin cycle which generates glucose and releases O2

7. Cellular Respiration
ALL organisms obtain usable energy (ATP) in a process called cellular respiration.
The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.

10. KINGDOM PLANTAE

11. Characteristics Multicellular Eukaryotic photosynthetic (autotrophic)
most reproduce sexually and asexually
Contain cell walls (cellulose), chloroplasts, and large central vacuole

12. Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Comparison Diagram

13. Plant adaptations: Plants evolved from aquatic algae
Introduction to Plants
Plant adaptations:
Plants evolved from aquatic algae
Had to gain the ability to conserve water
Cuticle – waxy covering, helps prevent the water loss and is a barrier to microorganisms
Stomata - openings in the outer cell layers of leaves for gas exchange

14. Roots - take in water and dissolved minerals Stems - Transport water and dissolved substances, stores food and water, contains vascular tissue (xylem and Phloem) Leaves (blade) – site of photosynthesis

16. Vascular Tissue – allows faster transport of water and nutrients, provides structure (xylem and phloem) Seeds - contains an embryo, nutrients, and protective coat; allows seeds to survive in harsh conditions and sprout when favorable

17. Transpiration evaporation of water from plants.
occurs chiefly at the leaves while their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis.

19. Classification of Plants

20. Divided into 3 basic groups based on evolutionary adaptations.
Nonvascular plants (mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

21. 1. Non-vascular Plants
Ex. Mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts and hornworts
400 million years old; 16,000 species
Gametophyte is dominant
Required water to reproduce – swimming sperm
No vascular tissue to low to ground
Evolutionary adaptation – Cuticle; stomata

22. 2. SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
Ex. Ferns (pterophyta), whiskferns, lycopods and horsetails
All are seedless, sperm must swim (no pollen)
sporophyte is the dominate generation.
Evolutionary adaptations – roots, stems and vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

23. 3. Seed Plants
Gymnosperms “cone-bearers” (conifers, ginkos) and angiosperms (flowering plants)
Gametophyte becomes more reduced
Evolutionary adaptations - Pollination replaces swimming sperm, seed evolved, flower