1. The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized Chapter 2

2. Taxonomy of Living Things KingdomFeaturesExamples Monera Prokaryotic Unicellular Bacteria Protista Eukaryotes that “don’t fit into other kingdoms” Most are unicellular Amoeba, Algae, Slime Molds Fungi Filamentous eukaryotesYeast, Bread Mold Plantae Photosynthetic Multicellular Have cell walls Moss, Flowering plants, Conifers Animalia Multicellular Non-photosynthetic Coral, Insects, Mammals Next

3. Monera Table

4. Protists Table

5. Fungi Table

6. Plants Table

7. Animals Table

8. Levels of Organization Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells more complex contain a nucleus membrane-bound organelles protists, fungi, plants, and animals simple cells no nucleus no organelles bacteria

9. Eukaryotic Cells

10. Prokaryotic Cells

11. Eukaryotic Cells Structures OrganellesFunction Plasma membranePermeable cell membrane; separates external and internal environment NucleusContains DNA CytoplasmPart of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane; contains cytosol RibosomeSite of protein synthesis MitochondriaSite of aerobic respiration (ATP synthesis) ChloroplastContains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis Cell wallBoundary outside cell membrane

12. Eukaryotic Nucleus

13. Cellular Molecules Small Organic MoleculesMacromolecules Occur free in solution in cytoplasm Examples: - Simple sugars - Fatty acids - Amino acids - Nucleotides Larger molecules Made of chains (polymers) of simpler/smaller molecules that act as building blocks (monomers) Examples: - Proteins - Nucleic acids - Polysaccharides

14. Small Organic Molecules Glucose Nucleotides

15. Macromolecules Smaller Organic Molecule or Monomers Macromolecule or Polymer

16. Macromolecules Amino Acids (Monomers) Proteins (Polymer)

17. Macromolecules Nucleotides (Monomers) Nucleic Acid (Polymer)

19. Proteins Long polymers made up of many monomers (amino acids) 20 different amino acids can combine in different number and sequence to produce huge variety of proteins Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form long chains, polypeptide chains

20. For example:

24. Function of Proteins Structural – help make up cells and cell membranes Catalysts (enzymes) or substrates (reactants) Help regulate production of other proteins http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/ tour/ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/ tour/

25. Enzymes Group of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

26. DNA Structure

27. Nucleotides join together to form long strands DNA consists of two strands Strands twist around each other to form a double helix Nucleotides are held together by a phosphodiester bond –Connects the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of another Nucleotide sequence can vary Phosphodiester bonds

28. Polarity of DNA Each strand of nucleotides has a 5’ end and 3’ end –The 3’ end used to bond to another nucleotide –The 5’ end is attached to the phosphate group of the nucleotide A strand of DNA runs from the 5’ 3’ Each carbon in the deoxyribose is numbered 1’-5’

30. DNA Structure DNA consists of two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds between the base pair Base pairs are complementary on opposite strands –Adenine only base pairs with thymine –Guanine only base pairs with cytosine Two strands are considered antiparallel because the polarity of each strand opposite –Necessary for nitrogen bases to align and form hydrogen bonds

31. DNA Animations http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html# http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html# http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/ tour/ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/ tour/ http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/ani mations/content/DNA_structure.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/ani mations/content/DNA_structure.html

32. Images taken from: http://s569.photobucket.com/albums/ss139/kateharsh/Monera/?action=view&current=bacecoli.png&newest=1 http://www.williamsclass.com/SixthScienceWork/Classification/ClassificationNotes/ClassificationNotes.htm http://www.scientificentertainment.com/Brain-Eating_Amoeba.html http://scienceblogs.com/neurotopia/2009/12/friday_weird_science_the_milli.php http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm http://inhabitat.com/2009/01/19/moss-carpet-by-nguyen-la-chanh/ http://plantimporters.com/plantphotos5.htm http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/aa-oct-08/ http://www.mghs.sa.edu.au/Internet/Faculties/Science/Year8/livingWorld.htm http://www2.volstate.edu/UGarimella/BIOL1010/BIOL1010lab.htm http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12c.html https://www.lakelawnandpond.com/WeedItemGroups.aspx?weed=46 http://www.biologyjunction.com/fungi_notes_b1.htm http://soe.ucdavis.edu/ms0809/180Sec1/WongJ/Web/Default.html http://www.insectcollectorshop.com/ http://sdakotabirds.com/species/baltimore_oriole_info.htm http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcid.php http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcids2.php http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/what-makes-an-amino-acid http://www.npc.edu.hk/~chem/news/3_03/Hair%20Waves.htm http://www.bioss.ac.uk/~dirk/genomeOdyssey/go_1955_to_66.html