1. The Phene PlateTM system
Fingerprinting of bacteria in microplates
PhPlate
Microplate techniques

2. Principles of bacterial typing
Genotyping -
analysis of the
bacterial genome
Kemotyping - analysis of
the contents of the bacterial
cell or the cell envelope
Phenotyping - analysis of the
expression of the bacterial cell

3. Different kinds of bacterial fingerprints
DNA fingerprint
Biochemical fingerprint

4. The PhenePlateTM system can e.g. be used for
Areas of application
The PhenePlateTM system can e.g. be used for
Microbial ecology
Measures diversities of microfloras
Measures stability of the microflora
Measures similarity between different microfloras
Epidemiology
Can be used to verify whether isolates are of different clonal origin
Can be used as a pre-screening method prior to DNA fingerprinting

5. How can you trace bacteria in surface water, drinking water, or food
1) Inoculate or 16 – 24 colonies of indicator bacteria per sample in PhenePlates™
2) Read the result and analyze with the PhP-software

6. Tracing sources of bacterial pollutions in surface water
Industrial
effluents
Human fecal
material
Animal waste

7. Tracing bacteria in consumers water
Low diversity =
Regrowth within the system
High diversity =
Inadequate purification

8. Tracing bacteria in food

9. How can you - simply detect a food borne outbreak caused by e. g
How can you  - simply detect a food borne outbreak caused by e.g. ETEC or EHEC ? 
1) Inoculate 8 or 16 E. coli colonies per sample (including food) in RE PhenePlates™
2) Read the result and analyze with the PhP-software

10. …Food borne outbreak If no common strain – no outbreak !
3) Look at the dendrogram for a common (outbreak) strain.
If no common strain – no outbreak !
Common outbreak strain
Food
Patient 1
Patient 2
Patient 3
For confirmation, analyze only one ore a few isolates belonging to the common strain for appropriate properties

11. How can you - find out whether the same strain of Enterococcus sp
How can you  - find out whether the same strain of Enterococcus sp. causes the UTI of Mrs. Svenson in ward A as in Mrs. Olsen in ward B ?
Srain name
PhP type
SvensonA 1
SvensonB
OlsenA
OlsenB
Control-1 2
Control-2 3
1.Inoculate the strains in the FS-PhenePlate™
2.Read and analyze the result with the PhP-software
3.Look at the computer generated list of identical strains
PS: It works with Escherichia coli etc. as well

12. How can you - find out whether the Klebsiella strains in the neonatal ward originate from a common source ?
1) Inoculate the strains in the PhP-48 plates
2) Read and analyze the result with the PhP-software
3) Look at the dendrogram for a common outbreak strain 
Common outbreak strain

13. How can I - reduce the number of isolates that need to be DNA typed?
1)Inoculate all isolates into the PhP plates ™
2)Read and analyze the result with the PhP-software
3)Look at the dendrogram, and select only those isolates that could not be differentiated by PhP for DNA typing

14. How does PhP typing perform in comparison to DNA typing?
Example: Clustered PhP data and PFGE patterns for VRE isolates

15. Checking bacterial cultures for purity
Pick one pure colony and one pooled colony (or streak) for PhP typing Different biochemical fingerprints – low correlations - indicate unpure cultures
Identical biochemical fingerprints – high correlations - indicate pure cultures
D1 col r=
D1 pool
D3 col r=
D3 pool
D4 col r=
D4 pool
D6 col r=
D6 pool

16. The end