1. Warm-Up 1/14/09 List your classes and what kind of a final you are having in that class. Turn in warm-ups today.

2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gram +, but does not hold dye well because of waxy outer coating Bacillus/rod shaped Clusters Antibiotics can kill it, until it evolves

3. From PBS Evolution website Evolving Ideas, why does evolution matter now?  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2 /e_s_6.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2 /e_s_6.html  6 min

4. Escherichia coli Gram negative Clusters Bacillum/Rod shaped Can be killed by penecillin, unless resistant.

5. Clostridium perferigens Gram positive Bacillus/rod shaped Single grouping Can be killed by antibiotics

6. Neisseria gonorrhoeae gram negative Coccus/ circular Clusters Can be treated with antibiotics

7. Bacteria Basics Multi-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

8. “Bacteria” rokaryotic Prokaryotic cells Oldest living organisms Lack nuclei and other organelles; have cell walls DNA is a circular fragment called a plasmid

9. Prokaryotes = Two Kingdoms Eubacteria- common bacteria living in and among humans; ex: E. coli Archaebacteria- bacteria living in extreme conditions- volcanoes, ocean vents, mountain peaks, etc.;

10. Methanogens (a type of Archaebacteria) E. coli (a type of Eubacteria)

11. Why Two Kingdoms? Eubacteria have peptidoglycan (a carbohydrate) in their cells walls; Archaebacteria don’t. DNA of archaebacteria is more like DNA of eukaryotes; they may be the ancestors of eukaryotes.

12. Classifying Prokaryotes… Prokaryotes are organized into groups based on:  Shape  Movement  Chemical make-up of cell walls  How they get energy

13. Basic Shapes of Bacteria 1) spherical – coccus (cocci) 2)rod-shaped – bacillus (bacilli) 3) spiral – spirillum (spirilli)

14. Arrangements of Bacteria Staphylo – clusters Strepto – filaments or strings Diplo – two Colonies – groups of like bacteria growing together (starting from a single bacterium) Lawn- bacterial colonies growing across a surface. Ex: plaque on teeth

15. Streptobacillus Staphylococcus

16. Movement of Bacteria May move by flagella May not move at all!

17. Chemical Make-Up of Cell Wall Defined by Gram stain Gram positive (+) = purple  Two layered cell wall  Susceptible to antibiotics (produced by bacteria) Common Gram + bacteria are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, B. subtilis

18. Gram negative (-) = pink  3 layered cell wall  Unaffected by many antibiotics Important in determining treatment of disease Common Gram – bacteria are E. coli and those that cause cholera and salmonella

19. How Bacteria Get Energy Heterotrophs (get food from outside source) Autotrophs (make their own food) - photoautotrophs use light energy (cyanobacteria are first to recolonize after a natural disaster) - chemoautotrophs use chemicals found in environment (archaebacteria in deep sea vents use hydrogen sulfide gas)

20. Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw Choose a bacterial disease to read about (E. coli, Tuberculosis, Meningitis, Flesh Eating)  On notebook paper, answer the following questions: What are the symptoms of the disease? How is the disease spread? How is the disease treated? What are the long-term effects of the disease? Any other interesting info. you find!

21. Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw In your group of four, take turns sharing information about your disease In your group, read the ‘epidemic profiles’ In your group, write four short paragraphs answering the following:  Which epidemic should be addressed first? second? third? fourth?  Support your rankings with at least two pieces of information from your readings

22. Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw Staple and turn in the following:  Your four paragraphs (all names, please)  Answers to questions about each bacterial disease (individual names, please)