1. Organic

2. Kinds of Hydrocarbons Aliphatic –Chains or rings of carbon atoms –May be planar or non - planar Aromatic –Planar molecules –Usually contain one or more benzene rings

3. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons - contain only C and H Names of carbon chains # of C atomsRoot Name 1meth - 2eth - 3prop - 4but - 5pent - 6hex - 7hept - 8oct - 9non - 10dec -

4. Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons Contain no double or triple bonds Naming –Root name + ane General Formula: C n H 2n+2 HHHHCCCHHHHHHHHCCCHHHH CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 propane

5. Alkenes Unsaturated hydrocarbons Contain one double bond Naming –Root name + ene HHHHCCCHHHHHHCCCHH CH 3 CHCH 2 propene General Formula: C n H 2n

6. Alkynes Unsaturated hydrocarbons Contain one triple bond Naming –Root name + yne General Formula: C n H 2n-2 HHCCCHHHHCCCHH CH 3 CCH propyne

7. Cycloalkanes Unsaturated hydrocarbons Contain one ring Naming –Cyclo + root name+ ane cyclohexane C 6 H 12 General formula: C n H 2n

8. Alkdienes Unsaturated hydrocarbons Contain 2 double bonds Naming: root name + diene HHHCCCCHHHHHHCCCCHHH CH 2 CHCHCH 2 butadiene General Formula: C n H 2n-2

9. Positional Isomers Positional Isomers occur when the hydrocarbon can have a multiple bond (or functional group) in a different location. Butene(C 4 H 8 ) 4 carbon chain 1 double bond HHH CCCC H HHH H H HCCCC H HHH H 1-butene 2-butene

10. Functional Groups Oxygen Containing

11. Alcohol R - O - H Naming Root name + bonding + ol CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH propanol CH 2 CHCH 2 OH propenol Ether R - O - R Naming R and R :Root name with yl ending + ether CH 3 CH 2 OCH 3 Ethyl methyl ether

12. Aldehyde R - CHO Naming Root name + bonding + al CH 3 CH 2 CHO propanal CH 2 CHCHO propenal Ketone O R - C - R Naming Root Name + bonding + one CH 3 CH 2 COCH 3 butanone CH 2 CHCOCH 3 butenone

13. Carboxylic Acid O R - C - O H Acidic H Naming Root name + bonding + oic acid CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH Butanoic acid Lose acidic H, yields anion CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COO - Butanoate ion

14. Ester O R - C - O R ’ Naming R ’ alkyl + root name + bonding + oate O CH e CH 2 CH 2 C O CH 2 CH 3 ethyl butanoate

15. Anhydride O RC O C R Two acids joined together with the loss of water Naming We will limit to both acids the same Acid name + anhydride O O CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C O CCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Butanoic anhydride

16. Nitrogen containing functional groups Amines Primary amine (1 o ) R - NH 2 Secondary amine (2 o ) R,R ‘ NH 2 H on N 1 H on N Tertiary amine (3 o ) R,R ‘ R ” N0 H on N Naming R, R ’, R ” named as alkyls + amine CH 3 NH 2 methylamine (CH 3 )(CH 3 CH 2 )NH ethylmethylamine (CH 3 ) 3 Ntrimethylamine

17. Amide RCONH 2 O R- C-NH 2 Naming Root + bonding + amide O CH 3 CH 2 C - NH 2 propanamide Can substitute on the N, name as alkyl prefix O CH 3 CH 2 C - NHCH 3 Methylpropanamide

18. Common Substituents - Clchloro - Brbromo - Iiodo - NO 2 nitro - NH 2 amino - OHhydroxy - Ralkyl (hydrocarbon added to primary chain)

19. Common names of some organic substituents CH 3 CH CH 3 isopropyl i - propyl CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 3 isobutyl i - butyl

20. CH 3 H 3 CC CH 3 tertiary butyl t - butyl CH 2 CH vinyl

21. Naming substituted hydrocarbons 1. Name the longest chain 2. Add the compound type (suffix) 3. Add prefix to indicate any substituents or branches 4. Indicate the position with a number for the carbon it is attached to. O CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 3 hexanal 4-methyl

22. What is the BEST name for : O CH 3 CHCH 2 CCH 3 Cl A)Chloropentanone B)2-chloro-4-pentanone C)4-chloro-2-pentanone D)2-chloropentanal E)4-chloro-1-methylbutanone

23. What is the BEST name for : O CH 3 CHCH 2 CCH 3 Cl A)Chloropentanone B)2-chloro-4-pentanone C)4-chloro-2-pentanone D)2-chloropentanal E)4-chloro-1-methylbutanone

24. What is the BEST name for: (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 NH A)Ethyl amide B)Dimethylamine C)1,1-ethylamine D)Diethylamine E)diethylamide

25. Common Names carbontetrachloride CCl 4 chlorform CHCl 3 Methylene chloride CH 2 Cl 2 methylchloride CH 3 Cl freon CCl 2 F 2 acetone O CH 3 - C - CH 3 acetic acid O CH 3 - C - O - H O CH 3 - C - O Acetate ion

26. acetaldehyde O CH 3 - C - H formaldehyde O H - C - H Formic acid O H - C - O - H (di)ethylether CH 3 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3

27. CH 3 CH 2 OH Ethyl alcohol CH 3 OH Methyl alcohol Oxalic acid O H - O -C - C - O - H Glycerine O - H O - H O - H CH 2 - CH - CH 2 glycerol 1,2,3 - propanetriol

28. NO 2 NO 2 NO 2 O O O CH 2 - CH - CH 2 nitroglycerine urea O H 2 N C NH 2

29. Aromatic Compounds All contain benzene rings (C 6 H 6 ) HH H H HH HH H H HH Resonance forms Electrons shift so quickly that they are called delocalized electrons. Add extra stability

30. Benzene is represented by Naming monosubstituents CH 2 CH 3 ethylbenzene R alkylbenzene

31. Cl chlorobenzene NH 2 aminobenzene aniline NO 2 nitrobenzene

32. More than 1 substituent need to identify where 1 23 4 56 2 the same Br 1,2 - dibromobenzene ortho - dibromobenzene o - dibromobenzene Br 1,3 - dibromobenzene meta - dibromobenzene m - dibromobenzene

33. Br 1,4 - dibromobenzene para - dibromobenzene p - dibromobenzene Br NO 2 1,3 - bromonitrobenzene meta - bromonitrobenzene m - bromonitrobenzene

34. If benzene is used as an attachment It is called phenyl CH 3 CH CH 3 2 - phenylpropane

35. Fused benzene rings - share 2 C’s Polycyclic compounds naphthalene anthracene

36. Average = 85.7 Median = 89 Exam 1

37. More Common Names Contain Benzene O C - OH O O - C - CH 3 Aspirin Acetasalicyclic acid OH phenol O C - OH Benzoic acid

38. biphenyl naphthalene anthracene Cl p - dichlorobenzene NH 2 aniline phenylamine aminobenzene Cl

39. CH 3 toluene CH 3 2,4,6 - trinitrotoluene NO 2 O2NO2N TNT

40. Dicarboxylic Acids Oxalic Acid O O H O C C O H Malonic Acid O O H O C CH 2 C O H Succinic Acid O O H O C CH 2 CH 2 C O H

41. Dicarboxylic Acids Glutaric Acid O O H O C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C O H Adipic Acid O O H O C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C O H Oh My Such Good Apples